Highly integrated systems

Jensen gives several examples for his present highly integrated chip systems [101], including a gas-phase reactor, a liquid-phase reactor, a catalyst-testing reactor, and a packed-bed multi-phase reactor. In addition, he provides the vision of a multiple micro-reactor test station (see Section 1.5.5.2). 

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TaqMan (PE Biosystem) Moderate Very high Moderate High Integrated system... 

Since the previously stated limitations on vessel size were still in effect, it was decided to pursue a roate using multiple adsorber beds in a highly integrated system. It was necessary to define integrated high-capacity systems with at least 80% product recovery and to devise control schemes for such systems. 

As preferably one user should be able to operate the whole system, it becomes clear that a highly integrated system is needed. Even if the peak selection is carried out by the user, the positioning of the sample, followed by the start of the NMR and MS experiments, must take place automatically. An integrated LC-NMR/MS system therefore has to contain the following components ... 

Bones are successful living structures, because they are composed of tissues, biomolecules, and mineral, maintained by a highly integrated system containing several different cell types with specialized functions. 

Now, about 20 years from the first demonstrations [5] the field has generated thousands of academic demonstrations of analytical techniques performed on-chip, including e.g. highly integrated systems [8] and commercial applications. 

In the following we introduce two key solutions of our platform technology, a concept able to control highly integrated systems containing hundreds or thousands of active polymeric elements and active microfluidic basic components. 

Wilkinson, P.J., Kelly, T.P., 2005. Functional Hazard Analysis for Highly Integrated Systems, (A Paper on FHA Application on an Engine Controller). University of York. 

Any attempt to justify that a complex or highly integrated system is sufficiently error free,... 

Recommendation 5 addresses the Verification and Validation for Equipment Design and recommends that Research should be conducted and implemented on processes and methods of verification and validation (includes validation of requirements) during the design of highly integrated systems that specifically address failures andfailure effects resulting from... 

Complicated systems are not easy to understand either, but they are (even though sometimes with remarkable effort) knowable. Complicated systems are highly integrated systems with low dynamic, which can be described with numerous variables. The decomposition of a comphcated system for anal3dical goals is reasonable and common. 

Andrew Vickers Praxis High Integrity Systems Bath, England... 

The author would like to acknowledge the support of Praxis High Integrity Systems for the provision of time to write this paper. 

One of the most important achievements of Ada 2005 is the standardization of the Ravenscar restricted tasking profile. This profile defines a subset of the tasking features of Ada which is amenable to static analysis for high integrity system certification, and that can be supported by a small, reliable run-time system. This profile is founded on state-of-the-art, deterministic concurrency constructs that are adequate for constructing most types of real-time software. 

One of the most interesting subsets for high-integrity systems is the Ravenscar profile, a collection of concurrency features that are powerful enough for real-time programming but simple enough to make certification practical. Another notable example is SPARK (Barnes 2003) that includes Ada constructs regarded as essential for the construction of complex software, but removes all the features that may jeopardize the requirements of verifiability, bounded space and time, and minimal run-time system. 

Another major hazard in high-integrity systems, tasks terminating silently, has been addressed in Ada 2005 with a new mechanism for setting user-defined handlers which are executed when tasks are about to terminate. These procedures are invoked when tasks are about to terminate (either normally, as a result of an unhandled exception, or due to abort), allowing controlled responses at run time and also logging these events for post-mortem analysis. 

Ada continues to be the reference language for high-integrity systems, providing high-level abstractions without compromising performance or safety. 

ARG (2005 /), Partition elaboration policy for high-integrity systems. Technical report, ISO/IEC/JTC1/SC22/WG9. Available at http //www.ada-auth.org/ cgi-bin/cvsweb.cgi/AIs/AI-00265.TXT. 

Bums, A., Dobbing, B. Vardanega, T. (2003), Guide for the use of the Ada Raven-scar Profile in high integrity systems. Technical Report YCS-2003-348, University of York. Available at http //www. cs.york.ac.uk/ftpdir/reports/... 

ISO (2000), Guidance for the use of the Ada Programming Language in High Integrity Systems. ISOAECTR 15942 2000. 

Amey P and Chapman R (2005). SPARK 95 — The SPARK Ada 95 Kernel (including RavenSPARK). Praxis High Integrity Systems, Bath, 2005. 

Your company has successfully completed several large high-integrity systems in the field of on-line banking. As a result of these successes, the team responsible for them has left your company to set up on its own. Your company has been asked to bid for another similar system, by an overseas bank that is probably unaware that the team has left. You write a proposal that makes much of your company s experience in the field but fails to say that the team which worked on those contracts has now left. Yon believe that the company is still fully competent to carry out the work and that this jnstifies the omissiom Rule 10 is the most relevant to this situation ... 

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