Low-volume/high-value

Primary metabolites are produced in larger quantities than the secondary metabolites and have specific metabolic functions. Primary metabolites obtained from higher plants are used as foods, food additives, and industrial raw materials, such as carbohydrates, vegetable oils, protein, and fatty acids. They are generally high-volume, low-value bulk materials. 

Bioseparations are essential in the manufacture of high-volume, low-value bulk pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals such as antibiotics and vitamins, where economies of scale are used to ensure commercial competitiveness. At the opposite end of the pharmaceutical product spectrum, genetically engineered therapeutic proteins of extremely high value are produced at very small scale. 

Product value High volume, low value Medium volume, high value Low volume, medium value Medium volume, high value Medium volume, medium value... 

Because the supply of new oil must start small and grow with demand, it is useful to find some low-volume, high-value products that will support the crop through its early years of development until the supply is adequate to be used for high-volume, low-value products. 

The amino acid industry is growing as a high volume low value product-based sector and new product innovations in the end use market will revamp the market trend. Research developments have led to the use of amino acids in high value produas like cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. It also helps to find new end use markets as in energy drinks, infusion solutions etc. Research and development has contributed enormously to the entire industry by developing new bioprocesses, techniques and finding new and high value end use applications. Feed additives are the major end-use market of the amino acid industry with lysine in the lead followed by methionine, tryptophan, and threonine whereas MSG dominates. 

The UK has a strong manufacturing base, employing 2.5 million people, and accounts for 72% of UK business research and development However the trend from high volume, low value manufacturing to more specialist products has meant that, although turnover has increased in recent years, the number of employees in manufacturing has declined. 

Duarte and colleagues used a factorial design to optimize a flow injection analysis method for determining penicillin potentiometricallyd Three factors were studied—reactor length, carrier flow rate, and sample volume, with the high and low values summarized in the following table. 

Figure 6 Connection of the weathering grade with dry density and porosity (pore volume). High/mean/low values are plotted for each grade.

More than 50% of refractories are consumed by the steel industry. The major steelmaking countries are China, Japan, and the United States. Structural clay products include bricks, sewer pipes, and roofing tiles. These are high-volume low-unit-cost items. Each year about 8 billion bricks are produced in the United States with a market value of over 1.5 billion. 

The 4>s versus if plot has the same shape as that of (pi versus ij for a flat plate but is shifted by a factor of 3 on the same log-log plot, if Equations 2.60 and 2.63 are used as basis. Aris (29,38] has shown that, for a first-order reaction in various particle geometries, the plots between the Thiele modulus q> and the isothermal internal effectiveness factor ij become identical at high and low values of

size parameter in the Thiele modulus is defined on a common basis. The characteristic size parameter L is, therefore, defined as the ratio of the particle volume to the external surface area available for reactant penetration, which enables its use for any arbitrary particle shape ... 

However, other errors can result in consistently high or low values being recorded. These are called systematic errors. Examples would be reading the volume of liquid... 

This tells us how the variability of a variable changes with the volume scale and variogram. The variability of a variable with high short-scale variability decreases qtrickly, since high and low values average out. 

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