High-temperature corrosion protection internal

Diffusion alurninide and sihcide coatings on external and internal surfaces for high temperature corrosion protection in parts such as gas-turbine blades is estimated at 40 x 10 /yr in North America and about 50 x 10 worldwide. 

C. Coddet, High temperature corrosion and protection of materials 6, Proceedings, 6th International Symposium on High Temperatnre Corrosion and Protection of Materials, Les Embiez, France, May 2004, Part 1, Trans Tech Publications, Uetikon-Zuerich, Switzerland, 2004, p. 193. 

Parabolic Reaction Kinetics Parabolic reaction kinetics describe high-temperature corrosion where the rate determining step is diffusion. This is often associated with protective scales and with internal penetration by such corrosive species as oxygen, carbon, or sulfur in certain materials. 

A. Kolb-Telieps, J. K1 wer, A. Heesemann, and F. Faupel. High Temperature Corrosion Resistant FeCrAl Foils. In T. Narida, T. Maruyama, and S. Taniguchi (eds), HTCP 2000, pp. 305-308,2000. International Symposium on High-Temperature Corrosion and Protection, 17-22 September 2000, Hokkaido, Japan. 

J. Zurek, L. Nieto Hierro, J. Piron-AbeUan, L. Niewolak, L. Singheiser and W.J. Quadakkers, Effect of alloying additions in ferritic 9-12%Cr steels on the temperature dependence of the steam oxidation resistance. 6th International Symposium on High-Temperature Corrosion and Protection of Materials HTCPM-2004, Les Emhiez, May 16-21, 2004. 

S. Sroda, S. Tuuma, K. Penttila and L. Heikinheimo High temperature oxidation behaviour of boiler steels under simulated combustion gases. 6th International Symposium on High Temperature Corrosion and Protection of Materials, 16-21 May 2004, Les Embiez, France. Trans Tech Publications Ltd., Materials Science Foram, 461-464 (2004) pp. 981-988. 

Schutze, M., Noth, M. (1998), Protective Coatingsfor High temperatures and High Sulfur-Low Oxygen Environments, in Corrosion/98, Houston, TX NACE International, Paper No. 188. 

The role of the reaction equilibrium in the corrosive environment for internal corrosion (in this example internal sulfidation) under a defective (originally protective) oxide scale, (a) Oxygen not involved in the reaction equilibrium, no pS2 gradient, (b) Oxygen involved in the reaction equilibrium, pSj increases through the oxide scale in inward direction. (From Grabke, H. J. et al., in High Temperature Alloys for Gas Turbines and Other Applications, eds., E. Betz et al, D. Reidel, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, 1986, p. 245.)... 

The metallurgy of the cyclone equipment has in recent years focused primarily on type 304 H stainless steel. The 304 H material is durable and easy to fabricate and repair, withstands the high regenerator temperatures, and is oxidation- and corrosion-resistant. Essentially all internal surfaces of the cyclone that are subject to erosion are protected with a 2 cm layer of erosion-resistant lining. When installed and cured, most refractory linings are highly resistant to erosion. 

Recognize corrosion problems in materials used at the site and make monitoring a normal part of the operation. Sour oil and gas operations are often conducted under high pressure and corrosive conditions. Therefore, in addition to temperature and pressure considerations, system designs for the wellhead, downhole equipment, and pipeUnes must have features to minimize the effects of corrosion and prevent an accidental release of H2S. Corrosion-inhibiting fluids can be used to prevent internal corrosion and cathodic protection can be used to prevent external corrosion. Also, during extended periods of shut-in and injection into pipelines, inhibitor applications may be beneficial. 

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