High optical velocity

Thus, the sampling depth in PAS is determined by the mirror velocity of the interferometer. Low optical velocities will result in PAS signals from deep within the sample while high optical velocities will allow thermal diffusion from the surface regions. The dependence of the thermal diffusion length on v means the Jth varies over the frequency region. 

According to the kinetic treatment of Lavayre et al (10) on two insoluble enantiomeric isomers, the relative initial velocities, V/VR were plotted against various ratios in the (S)-enantiomer. All of the initial velocity measurements were made at 50°C instead of 40°C to avoid crystallization of the acetate of pure (R)-HMPC, and at pH 6.0 to prevent spontaneous hydrolysis of the substrate at 50°C. The result gives a concave type of curve as illustrated in Figure 3. This implies that K mS < K mR and that the (S)-enantiomer is a strong competitive inhibitor. Thus, it is concluded that a very high optical purity of (R)-HMPC liberated with Arthrobacter lipase is entirely the result of the great catalytic constant of the (R)-HMPC ester. 

The detonation velocity was measured by the electrical method using an electronic timer and fiber optic probes. Apparently TKX-50 has a large critical diameter (> 3 cm), but shows a high detonation velocity of 9460 m s 1 in a cylindrical 40 mm tube. 

In principle, calibration methods of ultrasmall-volume droplets include static weighing method, comparing to standard volume and calibration by high-accuracy velocity measurement. Traditional optical devices, microscopes, stroboscopes, etc., are still the main measurement method for pL fluid volume calibration, and the accuracy is about 0.1 pL. Novel measurement techniques are needed for calibration of sub-picoliter fluid volume. 

If the interferometer mirror speed is such that the optical velocity is 0.316 cm s (HeNe laser frequency of 5 kHz), 4000-cm radiation is modulated at 1.25 kHz (see Eq. 2.11). Thus, the response time of a detector for FT-IR spectrometry must be less than 1 ms. Although several cryogenically cooled detectors have response times this low, the only mid-infrared detectors that have an appropriate combination of high speed, reasonably good sensitivity, low cost, good linearity, and operation at or near room temperature are the pyroelectric bolometers. 

To a good approximation, Ry is proportional to lf For a rapid-scanning interferometer, therefore, the optical velocity V should be as low as possible. Two factors usually determine the value of V when a DTGS detector is being used. First, V must be high enough that the SNR of the interferogram at the centerburst is... 

Doppler) tuning capability, making it possible resonantly to interact on two optical transitions using only one laser field, retroreflected along the fast accelerated particle beam. It will be shown, that high optical resolution, Doppler free to first order, precise velocity control and high time resolution can be obtained in three-level fast beam laser spectroscopy. 

Recently we introduced an innovative acquisition system for HD-OKE spectroscopy [70]. It is based on a real-time acquisition of the experimental signal during the rapid scan of the optical delay line. This acquisition scheme enables data acquisition with high absolute time resolution (1 fs), high scanning velocity (2.5cms ) and long time delay (several ns). Moreover it is suitable... 

The special design of the Latham bowl allows for a specific blood cell separation known as SURGE. This technique makes use of the principle of critical velocity. The Latham bowl is filled until the huffy coat, ie, layer of platelets and white cells, moves in front of the bowl optics. At this point the machine starts to recirculate plasma through the bowl at increasing rates. The smallest particles, ie, platelets, ate the first to leave the bowl. Their high number causes the effluent line to turn foggy. The optical density of the fluid in the effluent line is monitored by the line sensor. A special algorithm then determines when to open and close the appropriate valves, as well as the optimum recirculation rate. 

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