Hierarchically scaffold template

The embossing ice particulate template method has also been used to prepare porous scaffolds of other naturally derived polymers such as chitosan, HA and GAGs [19-21]. The funnel-like porous scaffolds of chitosan and HA and collagen-GAG composite prepared by this method also show the hierarchical two-layer pore structures (Fig. 3.1.4). Depending on the type of naturally derived polymers, the cross-linking method is different. The... 

The authors developed a unique form of i-glucan association, nematic ordered cellulose (NOC) that is molecularly ordered, yet noncrystalline. NOC has unique characteristics in particular, its surface properties provide with a function of tracks or scaffolds for regulated movements and fiber production of Acetobacter xylinum (=Gluconacetobacter xylinus), which produces cellulose ribbon-like nanofibers with 40-60 nm in width and moves due to the inverse force of the secretion of the fibers (Kondo et al. 2002). This review attempts to reveal the exclusive superstructure-property relationship in order to extend the usage of this nematic-ordered cellulose film as a functional template. In addition, this describes the other carbohydrate polymers with a variety of hierarchical nematic-ordered states at various scales, the so-called nano/micro hierarchical structures, which would allow development of new functional-ordered scaffolds. 

When comparing the templating process with chitosan composite fabrication, phase separation parameters can also be optimized to control pore size. In both examples, the nonconductive scaffold/binder was composed of a biopolymer to enhance biofilm formation for MFCs. In summary, a carbon-based hierarchical stmcture illustrates three aspects of material design and fabrication process a nanometric and/or compatible interface for the immobilization of biomaterials,... 

Macroporous solid foams produced in highly concentrated emulsions have been used as scaffolds for the preparation of hierarchically textured foams. Such materials possess structural organization at different size ranges mesopores are templated by supramolecular aggregates and macropores by the emulsion droplets. This strategy allows independent control of the mesopore and the macropore sizes. 

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