Hidden parameter

J. P. Vigier, New hidden parameters describing internal motions within extended particle elements associated with a Feynman-Gellmann type causal electron model, this volume, 2000. 

D. Gutkowski, M. Moles, and J. P. Vigier, Hidden parameter theory of the extended Dirac electron I. Classical theory, Nuovo Cimento B B39, 193-225 (1977). 

J. P. Vigier, Hidden parameters associated with possible internal motions of elementary particles, in M. Bunge (Ed.), Studies in Foundations, Methodology, and Philosophy of Sciences Vol. 2, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1967. 

Of course, in Eq. (6) the contraction form factor p is valid only in the arm that is parallel to the velocity vector. Equation (6) was interpreted by Lorentz and Fitz-Gerald as a real contraction [17]. It is important to see that in Eq. (6) the hidden parameter p is only one possible solution for the contradiction, but the result of the M-M experiment allows numerous other solutions based on the inner properties and features of the light. The M-M experiment destroyed the world picture of classical physics, and it required a new physical system of paradigms. Thus, for example, the applicability of Galilean relativity principle was rendered invalid. 

Lorentz, Fitz-Gerald, and others were able to formally explain the lack of changing in interference fringes [1] using a hidden variable that is essentially the quotient of the theoretical and the measured results. This method, combined with the least-arbitrariness principle, obtained the optimal hidden parameter, which was satisfied by the experiment. The operator of the optimal hidden... 

In the spirit of the standing-wave picture of Sagnac-type experiments, this theory needs to recalculate the result of the Michelson-Morley experiment as well. In the M-M experiment there is a new unknown hidden parameter cp, which denotes the speed of light in the direction perpendicular to the earth s velocity. The traveled path of light in the perpendicular arm Xp = 2Tcp [dim X = meter], [where cp is speed of light perpendicular to the velocity... 

The Michelson-Morley- and Sagnac-type experiments give only two independent equations—Eqs. (13) and (15)—for three unknown hidden parameters c. c, and cp. In the present case the incompleteness means that there are three unknown parameters for two equations. A third equation is needed in the form of a crucial experiment for the unique solutions. (Of course, this crucial experiment must be independent of the M-M- and Sagnac-type experiments.) In this manner we will be able to develop an authentic nonquantized (complete) theory of light. 

Fig. 8.21. SEM micrographs of ZnO Al film surface textures obtained after etching. The films were prepared under similar conditions. The etching steps reveal differences in the films. This means that there must be hidden parameters that have to be identified and controlled during deposition...

Some of the greatest physicists of all time, Einstein, de Broglie and Schrodinger amongst them, never did like this situation. God does not play dice was Einstein s famous remark (see, e.g.. Pais (1991), p. 425). In order to save the idea of determinism, de Broglie searched for hidden parameters and Schrodinger studied the time evolution of wave packets. 

It is cautioned, however, that the use of such a database from solution NMR is not always appropriate for the interpretation of solid-state NMR data, because of a possible source of errors arising from the chemical shift references for the solid and solution NMR studies. Moreover, further larger dispersions of chemical shifts from the solution NMR of globular proteins cannot always be ignored. Such data, however, are not always free from ambiguities in choosing the appropriate chemical shifts of the random coil, which are essential for data collection in solution NMR. These are simply treated as hidden parameters, and not always as necessary parameters for the interpretation of the solid-state NMR, unless NMR data of the fully hydrated samples are concerned. In fact, the chemical shift data available from such databases are in many instances biased as a reference for solid-state NMR because of choice of reference data for both solid and solution NMR. It is advised therefore to utilize the database from the solid state, if one aims to interpret the chemical shift data from solid-state NMR. " ... 

Two BBC journalists interviewed eight outstanding physicists Alain Aspect (photon experiments). John Bell (BeU inequahties), John Wheeler (Fejfnman s Ph.D. supervisor), Rudolf Peierls ( Peierls metal-semiconductor transition ), John Taylor ( black holes ), David Bohm ( hidden parameters ), and Basil Urley ( mathematical foundations of quantum physics ). It is most striking that all these physicists give very different theoretical interpretations of quantum mechanics (summarized in Chapter 1). 

The only type of hidden-variables theories that appear not to have been ruled out are non-local hidden-variables theories, i.e. theories in which hidden parameters can affect parts of the system In arbitrarily distant regions simultaneously. A hidden-variables theory that does not satisfy this definition is called a local hidden-variables theory. 

Ortner performed a preliminary assessment of the recent embrittlement correlation methods with the WRD and the PLOTTER Tool. One of the findings in the assessment was that the goodness-of-fit of the existing embrittlement correlation methods for a limited range of data, for example low-Cu materials, depends on the national databases. Our understanding of the embrittlement mechanisms has been greatly improved to date. Nevertheless, there might be still some hidden parameters that cause a national database effect. Further discussions not only on known unkowns but also unknown unkowns are necessary. 

The hidden design parameters ( hidden information ) are decisions that affect the design only within the local module. Hidden parameters can he used late and changed whenever necessary. 

Monte Carlo Localization is used to determine the position of the robot given the map of the environment built up by the Markov Localization. It is a form of particle filter which estimates the sequence of hidden parameters Xj, (where k can be any value), given yj.. 

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