Hidden explosive detection

So it can be concluded that support vector machine should be most suitable for the hidden explosive detection. 

Elemental Analysis, 2) Determination of Pellet Weight in Primers, 3) Determination of Gunpowder Residues in Forensic.Investigations, 4) Detection of Explosives in Buried Mines, 5) Detection of Hidden Explosives in Baggage, and 6) Explosives Safety in Neutron Activation Analysis... 

Mass spectrometry has become a routine technique for forensic analysis of explosives and one of the technologies used for vapor and trace detection of hidden explosives. 

Detection of explosives is of major importance in several applications related to homeland security, such as detecting hidden explosives in airport luggage, in vehicles and in mail and screening of personnel for concealed explosives. 

Mass spectrometry has not been accepted as a universal technology for the detection of hidden explosives. However, it has been used in the MS/MS configuration in some specific applications for the detection of hidden explosives. 

G. Nebbia and G. Juergen, Detection of buried landmines and hidden explosives using neutron, X-ray and gamma-ray probes, Europhysics News, July/August, no. 4, pp. 119-123 (2005). 

G. Viesti, S. Pesente, G. Nebbia, M. Lunardon, D. Sudac, K. Nad, S. Blagus and V. Valkovic, Detection of hidden explosives by using tagged neutron beams status and perspectives, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sec. B, 241 (1—4) (2005) 748-752. 

Explosives may reside on a person in the form of trace (residue from handling explosives, exposure to explosives, or hidden explosives) and/or bulk (a large mass of explosives). The portal technologies that enable the detection of these two forms of explosives may be categorized as trace and anomaly. The detection methods utilized by these two types of portals are substantially different in the signature of the material detected and the... 

Dr. Yinon s main activities involve applications of novel analytical techniques for the detection and analysis of hidden explosives. 

Gamma-ray spectrometry is a probe of nudear rather than chemical processes, but its high specificity and sensitivity have applications in analysis of materials (286). It is especially suited for activation analysis. Unstable nudides produced by nudear bombardment can be identified by their characteristic gamma-ray decay emissions. An important example is slow neutron capture by nitrogen with subsequent decay of 15 detected from its 1.7—10.8 MeV gamma lines, a signature useful for remote, nondestmctive detection of possible hidden explosives (see Explosives and propet. t.ents). Gamma-ray... 

Kolia R, The application of analytical methods to the detection of hidden explosives and explosive devices, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 36, 800-811, 1997. 

Due to various changes in world circumstances, the threat of terrorism has become a serious problem for all countries. For example, military explosives are traded on the black market, and the general public has easy access to information on the assembly of improvised explosives via the Internet. In Japan, a high school student attacked a train station using an improvised explosive device (lED) several years ago. Therefore, to maintain a safe society, detection technologies for hidden explosive devices are in high demand [1-3]. 

Two methods are primarily used to detect hidden explosives, as shown in Figure 21.1 bulk detection, which determines the existence of suspicious objects such as knives, firearms, and explosive devices from their shapes and trace detection, which detects the presence of explosive contaminants by chemical analysis of vapor from objects. 

FIGURE 21.1 Detection methods for hidden explosive devices bulk detection and trace detection. 

Holla, P. (1995). Detecting hidden explosives, Analyt. Chem., 67, pp. 184A-189A. 

Full body scanners, costing about 250,000 each and claimed by some security experts as an effective tool in detecting hidden explosives, show the contours of the human body as well as body parts in some detail, prompting some to question the legality and ethical justification of their use. In the United States, passengers handpicked for a full-body scan can opt out of the screening, but if they do, they must submit to full-body pat-downs by an officer of the Transport Security... 

The lack of a capability to screen for explosives hidden on an individual is a major vulnerability in aviation and general security. Personal privacy issues and perceived health risks have deterred the use of bulk detectors, such as X ray, X-ray backscatter, and millimeter wave, for screening of individuals for concealed explosives. Consequently, the TSA is focused on trace detection as the best solution for passenger screening in airports. The TSA has determined that individuals carrying as little as 1 lb of concealed explosives get sufficiently contaminated to be detectable by portal devices that use trace detectors. The level of contamination on an individual s exterior clothing that can be routinely detected by the best portal devices is about 1 pg or about 1 part in 109 of the explosive mass. 

Shaw, Determining the Potential of Radiofrequency Resonance Absorption Detection of Explosives Hidden in Airline Baggage , SWR1-15-4226-F (1975), (AD A022 111 /9ST) 58) P. 

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