Heterologous sera

It is probable that these observations are applicable to immune responses in humans, but this is not established on a sufficient scale. Unfortunately it appears that many therapeutic applications of proteins are within the intermediate, immunogenic dose range. A survey, taken from the world literature, of 146 patients with anaphylactic shock from heterologous sera, shows that the incidence of this complication has considerably declined owing to less widespread use of such sera (Bianchi et al. 1967). 

New still considered heterologous sera unsatisfactory for embryo culture. In a previous study (New and Stein, 1964) in which mouse and rat embryos were cultured on clots of plasma and embryo extract, it was interesting to note that development was eomparable with embryo extraet prepared from 13-day chick embryos or from the entire uterine contents of 17-19-day pregnant mice. 

The adverse effects of ALG are mostly those associated with injection of a foreign protein obtained from heterologous serum. Local pain and erythema often occur at the injection site. Since the humoral antibody mechanism remains active, skin-reactive and precipitating antibodies may be formed against the foreign IgG. Similar reactions occur with monoclonal antibodies of murine origin, and reactions thought to be caused by the release of cytokines by T cells and monocytes have also been described. 

Table Xn. Immunochemical Cross-Reaction of Anti-Bovine Serum Albumin and Heterologous Serum Albumins Determined on Immunoadsorbmits"...

These specific substances or blood group factors are detected by their property of inhibiting agglutinin reactions between human erythrocytes and heterologous human sera. This is the so-called isoagglutinin test which can detect the factors in dilutions of more than 1 part in 10 million. An even more sensitive but less specific test is their power to inhibit hemolysis of sheep s erythrocytes by the serum of rabbits immunized with certain human corpuscles. 

Since the preparations are raised in heterologous species, reactions against the foreign proteins may lead to serum sickness and nephritis. The concomitant use of corticosteroids may alleviate this response. 

Nephrotoxic serum nephritis is produced in animals by administration of heterologous antibody against... 

Fig. 7. Cross-reaction of anti-human serum albumin rabbit serum (IS) with the homologous antigen (human serum albumin in solution S2), and with a heterologous antigen (horse serum albumin in solution SI) in three of the techniques illustrated in Pig. 1 (A) simple diffusion in one dimension in a ceil with parallel walls (photographed after 2 hr) (B) double diffusion in one dimension in a cell with parallel walls (photographed after 2 days). In A and B the interfaces between the different layers are indicated by white dashes. (C) Double diffusion in two dimensions in a plate with square reservoirs (photographed after 3 days). For further explanations see text. From J. Oudin. ...

The early development of reliable immunoassays for PRL was hampered by extensive cross-reactivity of the antibodies used and the lack of purified human PRL calibrators. To minimize such problems, heterologous systems in which the hormones used for immunization and labeling were derived from different species were used. As purified human PRL became more readily available, homologous competitive-binding immunoassays were developed for the specific determination of PRL in microhter volumes of serum or plasma specimens." Initially, RIA was the predominant method for... 

Figure 4. Quantitative precipitin reactions between the mannan subfractions (Batch II) and antisera of three C. albicans strains and S. cerevisiae (A) anti-C. albicans NIH A-207 (A-strain) serum (B) anti-C. albicans NIH B-792 (B-strain) serum (C) anti-C. albicans J-1012 (J-strain) serum (D) anti-S. cerevisiae serum. Mannan subfractions are of (O) A-strain (0) B-strain (A) J-strain (A) S. cerevisiae. Dilutions of anti-S. cerevisiae serum are homologous system, X 6 heterologous system, X 1 5.

The lipids are classical substances to be complexed for immunization with heterologous proteins, formerly called Schlepper proteins. On the other hand, nucleic acids and nucleotides have only recently been jfound to be immunogenic, provided these polyacidic derivatives are combined with polybasic carriers like methylated serum albumin. 

Table 9. Culture of lymphocytes from patients with drug-induced agranulocytosis in the presence of heterologous or autologous serum and aminopyrine...

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