Hematopoiesis cancer

Cancer patients also may have concurrent iron deficiency secondary to erythropoietin use ( functional iron deficiency) or to cancer. Therefore, it is imperative that these patients have iron studies done to assess adequate iron stores needed to drive hematopoiesis. If the patient is determined to have sub-optimal iron stores or is iron deficient, then replacement either orally or intravenously may be necessary, in addition to the use of erythropoietin products. The use of iron in these patients is the same as discussed previously under Iron-Deficiency Anemia. ... 

Beyond roles of chemokine receptors in hematopoiesis and innate immunity, roles for chemokines in adaptive immunity emerged. Moreover, other nonleukocyte migration properties of chemokine receptors have been identified. These include roles in the biology of endothelial cells (Chapter 15), cancer (Chapter 16), smooth muscle (Chapter 11), fibroblasts (Chapter 14), stem cells (Chapter 8), and all cell types associated with nervous system tissues (Chapter 17). In many instances, broad functional overlap is evident as chemokines can direct the migration of these cells just as they do with leukocytes. In certain instances, the ability of chemokines to retain cell populations within a specific microenvironment is as important as their migration-promoting properties. However, it is also clear that migration and retention are not the sole end points. 

Chang H. Kim Laboratory of Immunology and Hematopoiesis, Department of Pathobiology, Purdue Cancer Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA... 

Chemotherapeutic agents for cancer therapy are sometimes subjected to a limit of use because of the adverse effects. One of the critical adverse effects is leukopenia induced by a suppression of bone marrow hematopoiesis resulting in opportunistic infections. In this regard, an improvement of impaired hematopoiesis is required to obtain a satisfactory outcome in the cancer chemotherapy. 

Anticancer chemotherapies Azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, methotrexate etc. The cytotoxic substances affect proliferating cells and hematopoiesis as well as lymphocyte proliferation are especially sensitive. Association with risk of clinical infections clearly established. 1 % of chemotherapy patients develop an independent cancer within 10 years, 3 % within 20. Noteworthy, some anticancer drugs are now used also as immunosuppressant for autoimmune diseases... 

When used in combination with corticosteroids, cyclophosphamide is dosed at 1-3 mg/kg for oral therapy and 0.5-1.0 g/m of body surface area for intravenous therapy. The most common route of cyclophosphamide administration is intravenous, although there is little evidence that this is better than oral administration. Likewise, there is no evidence to suggest the optimal duration of treatment. Based on empirical experience, cyclophosphamide generally is dosed monthly for 6 months and then every 3 months for a period of either 2 years or for 1 year after the nephritis is in remission." " Of course, cyclophosphamide therapy is not without risk. Serious toxic effects include suppression of hematopoiesis, opportunistic infections, bladder complications (e.g., hemorrhagic cystitis and cancer), sterility, and teratogenesis. White blood cell counts must be monitored during cyclophosphamide therapy, and if the nadir is less than 1500/mm, the dose must be adjusted to keep the white cell count above 1500/mm. Nausea and vomiting associated with cyclophosphamide can be controlled with oral ondansetron plus dexamethasone. ... 

Zhao, Z. G., Li, W. M., Chen, Z. C., You, Y, and Zou, P. 2008. Hematopoiesis capacity, immunomodulatory effect and ex vivo expansion potential of mesenchymal stem cells are not impaired by cryopreserva-tion. Cancer Invest, 26, 391-400. 

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