Heat transfer, in liquid metals

Fauske, H. K., 1971, Transient Liquid-Metal Boiling and Two-Phase Flow, Proc. Int. Seminar Heat Transfer in Liquid Metals, Trogir, Yugoslavia, September. (3)... 

Azer, N.Z.,and Chao, B.T., Turbulent Heat Transfer in Liquid Metals—Fully Developed Pipe Row with Constant Wall Temperature , Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, Vol. 3, p. 77, 1961. 

Heat Transfer in Liquid-Metal Cooled Fast Reactors Alexander Sesonske... 

HEAT TRANSFER IN LIQUID-METAL COOLED FAST REACTORS... 

All properties for use in Eq. (6-45) are evaluated at the bulk temperature. Equation (6-45) is valid for 102 < Pe < 104 and for Lid > 60. Seban and Shi. mazaki [16] propose the following relation for calculation of heat transfer to liquid metals in tubes with constant wall temperature ... 

Eurther information on liquid-metal heat transfer in tube banks is given by Hsu for spheres and elliptical rod bundles [Inf. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 8, 303 (1965)] and by Kalish and Dwyer for oblique flow across tube banks [Inf. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 10, 1533 (1967)]. For additional details of heat transfer with liquid metals for various systems see Dwyer (1968 ed., Na and Nak supplement to Liquid Metals Handbook) and Stein ( Liquid Metal Heat Transfer, in Advances in Heat Transfer, vol. 3, Academic, New York, 1966). 

The relationship between the thicknesses of the two boundary layers at a given point along the plate depends on the dimensionless Prandtl number, defined as Cpfijk. When the Prandtl number is greater than unity, which is true for most liquids, the thermal layer is thinner than the hydrodynamic layer, as shown in Fig. 12.1a. The Prandtl number of a gas is usually close to 1.0 (0.69 for air, 1.06 for steam), and the two layers are about the same thickness. Only in heat transfer to liquid metals, which have very low Prandtl numbers, is the thermal layer much thicker than the hydrodynamic layer. 

Maresca and Dwyer [264] have analyzed the heat transfer of liquid metal flow in a triangular array with uniform longitudinal heat flux. The Nusselt number resulting from their analysis is given in Fig. 5.42. 

P.L. KIRILLOV, Thesis Heat Transfer to Liquid Metals (single and two-phase flow) , Moscow Power Institute, 1968 (in Russian). 

S.S. KUTATELADZE, et al, Heat Transfer of Liquid Metals in Tubes ,/Proc. Second Int. Conf on Peaceful Use of Atomic Energy, Report A/15/2210, Geneva, 1958. 

Borishanskii, V.M., M.A. Gotorsky, and E.V. Firsova. 1969. Heat transfer to liquid metal flowing longitudinally in wetted bundles of rods. Atom. Energy 27 549-568. 

Graber, H. and M. Rieger. 1973. Experimental study of heat transfer to liquid metals flowing in line through tube bundles. Prog. Heat Mass Transfer 7 151-166. 

Film Heat Transfer Coefficient Value Most of the experimental data for liquid metals in forced convection have been obtained for round tubes. Since a large fraction of heat transfer to liquid metals in forced convection is by molecular and electronic conduction, the velocity and temperature distribution of the fluid in the channel is expected to have a noticeable effect. Until data are obtained for the reference channel, however, the data for round tubes is used with the equivalent diameter of the channel replacing the diameter of the tube. Most of the round tube data fall below the L.yon-Martinelli theoretical prediction, and therefore 85% of the Lyon-Martinelli Nusselt Number is used as the best average value in the range of Peclet Number of interest (500-1000). The factor shown in Table X represents the expected accuracy of experimental data. 

Binary liquid metal systems were used in liquid-metal magnetohydrodynamic generators and liquid-metal fuel cell systems for which boiling heat transfer characteristics were required. Mori et al. (1970) studied a binary liquid metal of mercury and the eutectic alloy of bismuth and lead flowing through a vertical, alloy steel tube of 2.54-cm (1-in) O.D., which was heated by radiation in an electric furnace. In their experiments, both axial and radial temperature distributions were measured, and the liquid temperature continued to increase when boiling occurred. A radial temperature gradient also existed even away from the thin layer next to the... 

Chen, J. C., 1968, Incipient Boiling Superheats in Liquid Metals, Trans. ASME, J. Heat Transfer 90 303 312.(2)... 

Chen, J. C., 1970, An Experimental Investigation of Incipient Vaporization of Potassium in Convective Flow, in Liquid-Metal Heat Transfer and Fluid Dynamics, J. C. Chen and A. A. Bishop, Eds., Winter Annual Meeting, p. 129, ASME, New York. (4)... 

Dwyer, O. E., 1969, On Incipient-Boiling Wall Superheats in Liquid Metals, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 72 1403. (2)... 

Park, CA. Also in Liquid Metal Heat Transfer Fluid Dynamics, ASME Symp., pp. 116-128, ASME, New York. (2)... 

Liquid metal bums are known as projections from blast furnace tap or the situation of loading with delivery of bulk into liquid metal. Metal is normally of low viscosity like water and spreads on skin and eye. Thus projections of liquid metal do not behave like viscous materials but like water and spread their enormous heat onto wide areas. When eventually cooling down, liquid metal is trapped in the conjunctival sac. When this happens, there is a maximum heat transfer with high thermoconductivity from metallic surfaces to the conjunctiva with immediate water evaporation and consecutive heat transfer from the metal to the eye up to carbonization of the tissues [16,17],... 

Further, heat transfers like cold delivery of liquid gazes mostly do not harm too much because of the Leyden frost phenomenon of limited heat transfer in any region of immediate low heat conductivity with evaporation of liquid gazes. Cold metals transfer heat from the con-jnnctival snrfaces within seconds and cold bums are a very uncommon accidental mechanism, but often fonnd in case of medical treatments of the eye [18]. 

Derive an expression for the heat transfer in a laminar boundary layer on a flat plate under the condition = w, = constant. Assume that the temperature distribution is given by the cubic-parabola relation in Eq. (5-30). This solution approximates the condition observed in the flow of a liquid metal over a flat plate. 

Kalish and Dwyer [41] have presented information on liquid-metal heat transfer in tube bundles. 

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