Liquid metals heat transfer with

Further information on liquid-metal heat transfer in tube banks is given by Hsu for spheres and elliptical rod bundles [Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 8, 303 (1965)] and by Kahsh and Dwyer for oblique flow across tube banks [Int. ]. Heat Ma.ss Transfer, 10, 1533 (1967)]. For additional details of heat transfer with liqmd metals for various systems see Dwyer (1968 ed., Na and Nak supplement to Liquid Metals Handbook) and Stein ( Liquid Metal Heat Transfer, in Advances in Heat Transfer, vol. 3, Academic, New York, 1966). 

Hoffman, H. W., 1964, Recent Experimental Results in ORNL Studies with Boiling Potassium, Third Annual Conf. on High Temperature Liquid Metal Heat Transfer Technology, Oak Ridge Natl. Lab., Oak Ridge, TN, ORNL-3605, vol. 1, pp. 334 350. (4)... 

Hsia, E. S., 1970, Forced Convective Annular-Flow Boiling with Liquid Mercury under Wetted and Swirl Flow Conditions, in Liquid-Metal Heat Transfer and Fluid Mechanics, J. C. Chen and A. A. Bishop, Eds., ASME, New York. (3)... 

Lee, S., Liquid Metal Heat Transfer in Turbulent Pipe Row with Uniform Wall Rux , Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, Vol. 26, pp. 349-356,1983. 

Much study has been given to liquid-metal heat transfer in recent years, primarily in connection with its use in nuclear reactors. Design equations, all based on heat-momentum analogies, are available for flow in tubes, in annuli, between plates, and outside bundles of tubes. The equations so obtained are of the form... 

For liquid metals the superiority of nucleate boiling heat transfer coefficients over those for forced-convection liquid-phase heat transfer is not as great as for ordinary liquids, primarily because the liquid-phase coefficients for liquid metals are already high, and the bubble growth period for liquid metals is a relatively short fraction of the total ebullition cycle compared with that for ordinary fluids. In the case of liquid metals, the initial shape of the bubbles is hemispheric, and it becomes spherical before leaving the heating surface. This is because of very rapid... 

Chen, J. C., 1963b, A Proposed Mechanism and Method of Correlation for Convective Boiling Heat Transfer with Liquid Metals, BNL-7319, Brookhaven Natl. Lab., Brookhaven, NY. (4)... 

Lyon, R. E., A. S. Foust, and D. L. Katz, 1955, Boiling Heat Transfer with Liquid Metals, Chem. Eng Prog 57 41. (2)... 

Liquid metal bums are known as projections from blast furnace tap or the situation of loading with delivery of bulk into liquid metal. Metal is normally of low viscosity like water and spreads on skin and eye. Thus projections of liquid metal do not behave like viscous materials but like water and spread their enormous heat onto wide areas. When eventually cooling down, liquid metal is trapped in the conjunctival sac. When this happens, there is a maximum heat transfer with high thermoconductivity from metallic surfaces to the conjunctiva with immediate water evaporation and consecutive heat transfer from the metal to the eye up to carbonization of the tissues [16,17],... 

Azer, N.Z., Thermal Entry Length for Turbulent Row of Liquid Metals in Pipes with Constant Wall Heat Rux , Trans. ASME Serv. C, J. Heat Transfer, Vol. 90. pp. 483-485, 1968. 

All properties for use in Eq. (6-45) are evaluated at the bulk temperature. Equation (6-45) is valid for 102 < Pe < 104 and for Lid > 60. Seban and Shi. mazaki [16] propose the following relation for calculation of heat transfer to liquid metals in tubes with constant wall temperature ... 

These properties, coupled with the metal s ability to promote bubble-type vapour formation on the surface when heating liquids, and dropwise condensation when condensing vapours, make the metal an ideal constructional material for heat-transfer equipment for use with strong acids. 

Because sodium, which is liquid between about 100°C and 881°C, has excellent properties as a heat-transfer medium, with a viscosity comparable with that of water and superior heat conductivity , much attention has been paid to liquid sodium corrosion testing of metal and alloys. Indeed, ASTM have issued a Standard Practice which can be used for determination... 

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