Heat Pump Association, United

Industry associations for heat pump-related businesses have heen established in Austria, Canada, China, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Romania, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States... 

In addition to the shaft power needed to raise the water heat transfer medium from the low to high loop pressure, additional compressor power is needed to overcome frictional pressure drop around the loop. The power associated with this loss has been compared with that of the high temperature process loop in the reference design. To understand the role of the different heat transport fluid -water in the alternate design versus helium in the reference design - the pumping power is expressed as a fraction of the pumping power per unit thermal power transported. This permits a consistent comparison between the two loops even if they differ in total thermal power transported. 

Equipment failures that can occur in a process plant may be described within the major equipment categories of reactors, heat exchangers, vessels, mass transfer unit operations, pipes and valves, and pumps. The failures associated with these categories are discussed below ... 

Each secondary sodium purification loop is associated with one m n secondary loop and one direct reactor cooling loop. All associated loops are arranged in the same Steam Generator Building compartment and are supplied from the same electrical division. Each of the six parallel and independent purification loops consists of a cold trap with recuperative heat exchanger, a plugging meter unit, an EM pump and the pipework with valves. 

A typical medium-size refinery has hundreds of pumps, heat exchangers and drums dozens of furnaces, compressors, and high temperature/high pressure reactors and thousands of control loops and associated advanced computer control technologies. This same typical refinery has dozens of different crudes and other feedstocks to choose from and dozens of products to maximize or minimize based on consumer demands and global market-place economics. In addition to daily decisions about feedstocks and products, there are also hundreds of decisions to be made each day about operahng temperatures, pressures, unit feed rates, catalyst addition rates, cycle times, dishllation cut points, product sjjedfications, inventory levels, etc. 

FIG. V-22 Vertical vaporizerfeuperheater with internal helical coil. Shell is steel with internals of stainless steel. 1412-kW (1,215,000-kcal/h) unit installed on LNG tanker to heat product and assist pump transfer from hold. Vertical format reduces footprint when necessary. (Source Armstrong Engineering Associates.)... 

Six arrangement layouts (1-1-1, 2-1-1, 2-2-2, 3-3-2, 3-3-3,4-4-4) were generated. The layouts vary by the number of main components referenced by x-y-z nomenclature. The designation of 1-1-1 or B-R-G is 6 is the number of Brayton units, R is the number of recuperators each sized to support the operation of one Brayton unit at its rated power and G is the number of gas coolers each sized to support the operation of one Brayton unit at its rated power. It does not indicate the number of individual recuperators or gas coolers. For example a 2-2-2 for a 200 kWe system with both Braytons running (no spares) would be two 100 kWe Brayton units with two recuperators and gas coolers, each sized to support a 100 kWe Brayton unit. Additional reactor module components that were modeled include reactor and associated components, piping, valves, heat rejection system components, such as pumps and accumulators, shielding, and the primary support structure. 

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