Heat measurement, technology

Electron microscopy analysis was conducted using carbon replicas and thin foils. The carbon replicas were not of help for quantitative evaluation. Transmission electron microscopy of thin foils offered better results. For all the tested carbon combinations from the A to I labels, thin foils were produced for the heat treatment 450°C/30 h. The A14C3 particle size and the subgrain size were measured using the thin foils. The dispersed phase A14C3 particle size was measured on 200 to 300 thin foil structures, and it was constant and as small as 30 nm. The particle size was influenced neither by the carbon type nor by the heat treatment technology applied. 

Measure technologies. The heat evolution of cement is measured using Sweden Thermalmat TAM Air 08 isothermal calorimeter. 

Taking into consideration that another two reactors (low temperature shift and preferential oxidation reactors) are required downstream of the high temperature water-gas shift, at least in a conventional fuel processor/low temperature PEM fuel cell system, the calculations demonstrate that it is difficult to pre-heat a chain of reactors without an excessive time demand. Other measures and functionalities become possible when plate heat-exchanger technology is applied, which may help to solve this problem. 

The deterrnination of surface temperature and temperature patterns can be made noninvasively using infrared pyrometers (91) or infrared cameras (92) (see Infrared technology and raman spectroscopy). Such cameras have been bulky and expensive. A practical portable camera has become available for monitoring surface temperatures (93). An appropriately designed window, transparent to infrared radiation but reflecting microwaves, as well as appropriate optics, is needed for this measurement to be carried out during heating (see Temperature measurement). 

Mcrrit, G., ind G. Redinger. 1973. Measurements of heat and impulse transfer coefficient m turbulent stratified flow. Journal of Rocket Technology and Astronautics, no. I I. 

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