Heat confinement

In this section, different typical heat accumulation situations encountered in the process industry are reviewed and analysed. The next section introduces different types of heat balance used in assessment of heat confinement situations. 

Thermal Safety of Chemical Processes Risk Assessment and Process Design. Francis Stoessel Copyright 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH Co. KGaA, Weinheim ISBN 978-3-527-31712-7 

A special section then deals with the use of time-scales for the heat balance, which provides a simple to use assessment technique. The third section is devoted to the heat balance with purely conductive heat removal. The chapter closes on practical aspects for the assessment of industrial heat confinement situations. 

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The Perchlorate salt, of 85% deacetylated chitin, a cream-colored, granular, free-flowing expl product(with an acid content of 96% theoretical, ealed as perchloric acid), was prepd by Wolfrom et al(Ref 6) by a method considered an extension of the method described by Hofmann et al(Ref 2). This salt, sol in 100% HN03, detonated(leaving considerable carbon residue) when heated confined over an open flame Refs l)Beil-not found 2)K.A.Kofmann et al, Ber 43, 1080(1910) 3)G.W.Rigby, USP 2040879(1936) CA 30, 4598(1936) 4)K. 

Appreciating such heat confinement situations requires specialist knowledge. 

Figu re 13.4 Temperature at the center of a solid submitted to heat confinement for 6 different surrounding temperatures ... 

Part III deals with secondary reactions, their characterization, and techniques to avoid triggering them. Chapter 11 reviews the general aspects of secondary reactions, determination of the consequences of loss of control and the risk assessment. Chapter 12 is dedicated to the important category of self-accelerating reactions, their characteristics, and techniques allowing their control. The problem of heat confinement, in situations where heat transfer is reduced, is studied in Chapter 13. The different industrial situations where heat confinement may occur are reviewed and a systematic procedure for their assessment is presented together with techniques that may be used for the design of safe processes. 

OH. charcoal other organic materials powdered nwtals reducing agents strong acids alkyl esters hypochlorites Reaction products Decomposition/combustion oxides of nitrogen, ammonia Rate of reaction May detonate with strong shock or if heated confined... 

The capability shall be maintained for shutting down the reactor, removing residual heat, confining radioactive material and monitoring the status of the facility. These capabilities shall be maintained by means of the appropriate incorporation of redundant parts, diverse systems, physical separation and design for fail-safe operation such that the following objectives are achieved ... 

In nanoparticle-based therapeutic applications, the degree of heat confinement within the surrounding medium is directly related to the laser pulse duration. If... 

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