Harmonization factors

As far as notation for the scattering coefficients is concerned, we have followed as much as possible van de Hulst (1957) and Kerker (1969), with the exception of the opposite sign convention for the time-harmonic factor exp( — iwt). Kerker (1969, p. 60) gives a table comparing the notation of various authors who have written on the theory of scattering by a sphere. 

Resonance-shaped growth of modulation amplitude manifests itself in the intensity of fluorescence, as expressed through 6Pq (t), according to (2.24). It may be pointed out that, owing to the harmonic factor exp(ifiit) the signal in (4.52) vanishes at registration averaged over the time span At fij-1. The position of resonance permits us to determine Qojj> (see Fig. 4.22), i.e. the Lande factor, whilst the shape (width) of the envelope yields the constant Tk-... 

In the past few years, there have been increasing efforts towards international harmonization of approaches to pesticide exposure assessment. Harmonization allows exposure assessors to share expertise and resources and develop better methods. Ongoing efforts towards international harmonization are discussed in Chapter 10. The development of generic databases has provided an impetus for harmonization of methodologies for generating the data. Further harmonization would increase the number of studies that could be included in databases, thus improving the exposure estimates derived from them. The use of harmonized factors for dermal absorption and clothing penetration, plus protective factors... 

The expression for harmonic factors is complex and is defined azimuthally by means of a Lagrange function. Sample orientation in routine powder diffraction experiment is fixed and so is the corresponding harmonic factor k y), which simplifies Eq, 2.82 to ... 

The angular integrals. The angular integral contains an additional spherical harmonic factor from the projector (orthogonality of the Yp(Q) means that... 

The coordinates of interest to us in the following discussion are Qx and Qy, which describe the distortion of the molecular triangle from Dy, symmetry. In the harmonic-oscillator approximation, the factor in the vibrational wave... 

Determination of the potency of Factor VIII is also difficult. This is normally measured by the abiUty of the sample to correct the clotting time of plasma deficient in Factor VIII. A number of methods and practices have evolved for this purpose (231), but these give very different results, particularly when activation of products may also occur (232). International standards have been used, but further standardization of the analytical method and harmonization of working standards is underway (233,234) under the auspices of the ISTH and the EC. 

A supply system would normally contain certain harmonic quantities, as di.scussed in Section 23.5.2. The influence of such quantities on an induction motor is also discussed in Chapter 23. To maintain a near-sinusoidal voltage waveform, it is essential that the harmonic voltage factor (HVF) of the supply voltage be contained within 0.02 for all 1-0 and 3-0 motors, other than design /V motors and within 0.03 for design N motors, where... 

HVF = harmonic voltage factor Vj, = per unit harmonic voltages n = harmonic order not divisible by 3... 

The factor 0.9 accounts for a 10% reduction in the torque as an arbitrary allowance for harmonic losses. 

The second component is caused by the different harmonic quantities present in the system when the supply voltage is non-linear or the load is nonlinear or both. This adds to the fundamental current, /,- and raises it to Since the active power component remains the same, it reduces the p.f of the system and raises the line losses. The factor /f/Zh is termed the distortion factor. In other words, it defines the purity of the sinusoidal wave shape. 

Shenoy, G., Reducing harmonic currents and improving power factor in installations having predominant thyristor loads. Siemens Circuit. XVII, No. 1 (1982). 

The factors discussed in Section 23.5.2 give rise directly to the current drawn by the capacitor unit and indirectly add to its rating. The relevant Standards on this device recommend a continuous overload capacity of 30% to account for all such factors. A capacitor can have a tolerance of up to -t-15% in its capacitance value (Section 26.3.1(1)). All current-carrying components such as breakers, contactors, switches, fuses, cables and busbar systems associated with a capacitor unit or its banks, must therefore be rated for at least 1.3 x 1.15/,., i.e. 1.54. For circuits where higher amplitudes of harmonics are envisaged, for reasons of frequent load variations or more... 

Another conventional simplification is replacing the whole vibration spectrum by a single harmonic vibration with an effective frequency co. In doing so one has to leave the reversibility problem out of consideration. It is again the model of an active oscillator mentioned in section 2.2 and, in fact, it is friction in the active mode that renders the transition irreversible. Such an approach leads to the well known Kubo-Toyozawa problem [Kubo and Toyozava 1955], in which the Franck-Condon factor FC depends on two parameters, the order of multiphonon process N and the coupling parameter S... 

Both the weak- and strong-coupling results (2.82a) and (2.86) could be formally obtained from multiplying Aq by the overlap integral (square root from the Franck-Condon factor) for the harmonic q oscillator,... 

The following discussion is primarily based upon EN6I000-3-2, which is more industrial-based products. EN60555 is the newer version of IEC-555 and covers the emitted harmonics of household products. Knowing the product class is very important for designing the power factor interface for the ac line. Products that draw less than 75 W today and 50 W in the near future, do not have to comply with the relative limits, only to absolute maximums laid out by the specifications. The limits presented in Table C-I may change, so please refer to the latest... 

While cost will probably decrease with increased usage, this is a factor to be evaluated before a decision to use the variable frequency is made. Because of the harmonics, the output torque contains some unsteady torsional components. These can be handled by evaluating the compressor train torsional response. This will be further covered in a later chapter. 

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