Spring hardening

Hurry VM, Krol M, Oquist G and HunerNPA (1992) Effect of long-term photoinhibition on growth and photosynthesis of cold-hardened spring and winter wheat. Planta 188 369-375 Hurry VM, Keerberg 0, Parnik T, Gardestrdm P and Oquist G... 

In addition to the gas exchange data, hardened spring (Glenlea) and winter (Monopol) seedlings were exposed to 1000 /tmol m s PPFD for 0,1,3 and 6 hours at 5 C. The 77K fluorescence emission spectra of isolated thylakoids were then measured using a LS-1 steady state spectrophotometer (Photon Tech. Ind.) to examine relative changes in energy distribution. 

Demonstrations Take a strip — 0.25 mm X 1 cm X 15 cm of cold-rolled (work-hardened) brass and bend it (on edge) on the overhead until permanent deformation takes place. Anneal brass strip at bright red head for — 0.5 min to soften it. After cooling replace on overhead and show that permanent deformation takes place at a much smaller deflection than before. This illustrates the importance of large Uy in springs. 

Stahl-blech, n. steel plate, sheet steel, -block, m. (Metal.) steel ingot, -bombe, /, steel cylinder steel bomb, steel shell, -brunnen, m. chalybeate spring, -draht, m. steel wire, -eisen, n, steely iron, steel pig, stShlen, v.t. steel, harden convert into steel. stShlern, a. of steel, steel. 

SPRING HOLDER ll-R CHROME 5PRING-I6-8 WORK HARDENED DRIVE COLIAR ll-l CHROME ... 

He published papers on the composition of coal, wood, charcoal, steel, pyrolusite, molybdenite, and spring waters, on the arts of purifying lead, hardening copper, and burning bricks, on the working of saltpeter and indigo, on resuscitation of patients with suspended animation, and on the porphyry industry at Elf dal, East Dalarne (54). 

This word chrysocolla of the ancients, which denotes malachite, was not confined to that mineral, as appears particularly from the extended description of Pliny. He mentions the substance dug from the mines in proximity to gold, but he also states that it is a liquid found in the shafts of mines—a slime hardened by the cold of winter till it haB the hardness of pumice. The most valued is from copper mines, the next best from silver mines, and that from the gold mines is inferior. In the mines also an artificial chrysocolla is made by allowing water to percolate into the veins during the winter and spring, and evaporating these in July and August. 

Alloy permits springs to be shaped while soft, followed by hardening. 

Figure 3-1 Diamond anvil high-pressure cell, (a) Detail of diamond cell, (b) Side view, (c) Front view. A and B, parts of piston C, hardened steel insert D, presser plate E, lever G, screw H, calibrated spring. (Reproduced with permission from Ref. 1.)...

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