Happel

R. J. Hunter, foundations of Colloid Science, Vol. 2, Clarendon Press, Oxford, UK, 1989, Chapt. 14, p. 992 J. Happel and H. Brenner, Cow Reynolds Humber Hydrodynamics, Martiaus Nijhoff PubHsliers, The Hague, The Netherlands, 1983, pp. 431—473. 

J. Happel and D. G. Jordan, Chemical Process Economics, 2nd ed., Marcel Dekker, New York, 1975. 

Contrac tors bids offer the most rehable information on cost. Order-of-magnitude costs, however, may be required for preliminary studies. One way of estimating them is to obtain cost information from similar facihties and scale it to the proposed installation. Costs of steel storage tanks and vessels have been found to vaiy approximately as the 0.6 to 0.7 power of their weight [see Happel, Chemical Process Economics, Wiley, 1958, p. 267 also Williams, Chem. Eng., 54(12), 124 (1947)]. AU estimates cased on the costs of existing eqiiipment must be corrected for changes in the price index from the date when the equipment was built. Considerable uncertainty is involved in adjusting data more than a few years old. 

Ethylene oxide secondary oxidation with C-tagged ethylene oxide, to clarify the source of CO2, was done at Union Carbide but not published. This was about 10 years before the publication of Happel (1977). With very limited radioactive supply only a semi-quantitative result could be gained but it helped the kinetic modeling work. It became clear that most CO2 comes from ethylene directly and only about 20% from the secondary oxidation of ethylene oxide. 

Sigales This Method Modified Happel Happel Rule-of- Thumb... 

Gravity decanter, illustration, 243, 244 Happel/Jordan method, 241 Horizontal gravity, 239 Lamella classifiers, 239 Settler vessel, illustration, 240 Time planning and scheduling, process design, 36... 

Happel, J., Chemical Process Economics. Wiley, New York, 1958,... 

Some of the principles of free surface model proposed by Happel (H10, P7, P8) for studying the rate of sedimentation of solid particles may be adopted for studying heat and mass transfer in gas-liquid dispersions (R9). 

For a cellular model of the type given in Section IV,I but with a free surface as proposed by Happel for solid particles, Ruckenstein established the form of the function/in two cases ... 

Using Happel s free surface model, which predicts (H10) ... 

Christine Happel, Changcheng Song, Mathew J. Finley, and Thomas J. Rogers... 

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