Halophyte

Farquhar, G.D., Ball, M.C., von Laemmer, S. and Roksandic, Z. 1982 Effect of salinity and humidity on 5 C values of halophytes. Evidence for diffusional isotope fractionation determined by the ratio of intercellular atmospheric COj under different environmental conditions. 

Guy, R.D., Reid, D. and Krouse, H.R 1986 Factor affecting ratios of inland halophytes. I. 

Neales, T.F., Fraser, M.S. Roksandic, Z. (1983). Carbon isotope composition of the halophyte Disphyma clavellatum (Haw.) Chinnock (Aizoaceae), as affected by salinity. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology, 10, 437-44. 

Ahmad, I., Larher, F., Mann, A.F., McNally, S.F. Stewart, G.R. (1982). Nitrogen metabolism of halophytes. IV. Characteristics of glutamine synthetase from Triglochin maritima L. New Phytologist, 91, 585-95. 

Jefferies, R.L. (1980). The role of organic solutes in osmoregulation in halophytic higher plants. In Genetic Engineering of Osmoregulation, ed. D.W. Rains, R.C. Valentine and A. Hollaender, pp. 135-54. New York Plenum Press. 

Fig. 5. Effect of salinity on the growth (as freshweight increase) of whole plants and callus of a sensitive glycophyte (Phaseolus), a resistant glyco-phyte (Beta) and of two halophytes (Atriplex and Suaeda). Data of Smith McComb (1981).

O Leary, J.W. (1984). The role of halophytes in irrigated agriculture. In Salinity Tolerance in Plants Strategies for Crop Improvement, ed. R.C. Staples and G.A. Toenniessen, pp. 285-300. New York John Wiley. 

Evidence of the role of organic solutes in maintaining osmolarity and electroneutrality in halophytic Gramineae is equivocal (Wyn Jones, Gorham McDonnell, 1984). Results of analyses of bulk tissue are difficult to interpret because the location of the organic solutes within cells and within tissues is likely to have an important bearing on their roles. Among different species some solutes may be more important than others, and their relative importance may vary with salinity and with tissue age and condition. 

In soils too saline for traditional crops, there is the possibility of developing halophytes for crop or forage production. An important consideration is that the produce (e.g. leaves or grain) should contain only low concentrations of sodium or chloride, or it will be unsuitable for human or animal consumption. 

Turner speculated that the two families arose from a common ancestor that likely occupied xeric or halophytic habitats in Gondwana in an area that encompassed what were to become southwestern Africa and southeastern South America. The ancestral types do not still exist, but both families share the unusual, betanidin-based floral chemistry, and the equally unique sieve-tube plastids seen in Caryophyllales but are absent elsewhere in the plant kingdom (Behnke and Turner, 1971). 

J. Rioval and A. D. Hanson, Evidence for a large and sustained glycolytic (lux to lactate in anoxic roots of some members of the halophytic genus Lhnoniutn. Plant Physiol. 101 553 (1993). 

Ghnaya, T., Nouairi, I., Slama, I., Messedi, D., Grignon, C., Abdelly, C., and Ghorbel, M.H., Cadmium effects on growth and mineral nutrition of two halophytes Sesuvium portulacastrum and Mesembry-anthemum crystallinum, Journal of Plant Physiology, 162 (10), 1133-1140, 2005. 

Phytoextraction is mainly carried out by certain plants called hyperaccumulators, which absorb unusually large amounts of metals compared to other plants. A hyperaccumulator is a plant species capable of accumulating 100 times more metal than a common nonaccumulating plant. Therefore, a hyperaccumulator will concentrate more than 1000 mg/kg or 0.1% (dry weight) of Co, Cu, Cr, or Pb, or 10,000 mg/kg (1%) of Zn and Ni (dry matter).43-44 Similarly, halophytes are plants that can tolerate and, in many cases, accumulate large amounts of salt (typically sodium chloride but also Ca and Mg chlorides). Hyperaccumulators and halophytes may be selected and planted at a site based on the type of metals or salts present, the concentrations of these constituents, and other site conditions. 

Cao, Y. R., X. L. Guo et al. (2005). Isolation and characterization of carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase genein halophyte Suaeda salsa. Plant Growth Regul. 46(1) 61-67. 

Trichomes Single-celled or multicellular outgrowths of epidermal cells Produce volative oils for glandular trichomes reflect bright light in some desert plants increase boundary layer mechanically discourage predators salt secretion in some halophytes digestions in sundews... 

Hall JL, Yeo AR, Flowers TJ. Uptake and localisation of rubidium in the halophyte Suaeda maritima. Zeit Pflanzenphysiol 1974 71 200-206. 

Harvey DMR, Flowers TJ, Hall JL. Localisation of chloride in leaf cells of the halophyte Suaeda maritima by silver precipitation. NewPhytol 1976 77 319-323. 

INCO-DC, International Cooperation with Developing Countries of the European Union (2001) Sustainable halophyte utilization in the mediterranean and subtropical dry regions. Final Report Jeger MJ (2000) Bottlenecks in IPM. Crop Prot 19 787-792 Kang WS (2001) Development of a flame weeder. Trans ASAE 44 1065-1070 Khasawneh FE, Doll EC (1978) The use of phosphate rock for direct application to soils. Adv Agron 30 159-203... 

Keywords Conventional crop irrigation concerns Halophyte irrigation... 

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