Haemophilus influenzae structure

The determination of the structure of the iron transporter, ferric-binding, protein (hFBP)t from Haemophilus influenzae (Bruns et ah, 1997) at 0.16 nm resolution shows that it is a member of the transferrin superfamily, which includes both the transferrins and a number of periplasmic binding proteins (PBP). The PBPs transport a wide variety of nutrients, including sugars, amino acids and ions, across the periplasm from the outer to the inner (plasma) membrane in bacteria (see Chapter 3). Iron binding by transferrins (see below) requires concomitant binding of a carbonate anion, which is located at the N-terminus of a helix. This corresponds to the site at which the anions are specifically bound in the bacterial periplasmic sulfate- and... 

J. A. Papin, N. D. Price, J. S. Edwards, and B. O. Palsson, The genome scale metabolic extreme pathway structure in Haemophilus influenzae shows significant network redundancy. J. Theor. Biol. 215, 67 82 (2002). 

Sousa, M. C. and McKay, D. B. Structure of Haemophilus influenzae HslV protein at... 

Despite their popularity, aluminium-based adjuvants suffer from several drawbacks. They tend to effectively stimulate only the humoral arm of the immune response. They cannot be frozen or lyophylized, as either process promotes destruction of their gel-based structure. In addition, aluminium-based products display poor or no adjuvanticity when combined with some antigens (e.g. typhoid or Haemophilus influenzae type b capsular polysaccharides). 

Levofloxacin (1), the levo-isomer or the (5)-enantiomer of ofloxacin, received FDA approval in 1996 (Fish, 2003 Hurst et al., 2002 Mascaretti, 2003 Norrby, 1999 North et al., 1998). The initial approval covered community-acquired pneumonia, acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, acute maxillary sinusitis, uncomplicated skin and skin structure infections, acute pyelonephritis, and complicated urinary tract infections (North et al., 1998). Four years later, the levofloxacin indication list grew to include community-acquired pneumonia caused by penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. In addition, in 2002, nosocomial (hospital-acquired) pneumonia caused by methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens, Haemophilus influenzae, Kliebsella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli was added (Hurst et al., 2002). Finally in 2004, LVX was approved as a post-exposure treatment for individuals exposed to Bacillus anthracis, the microbe that causes anthrax, via inhalation (FDA, 2004). 

C. Berlind and S. Oscarson, Synthesis of a branched heptose- and Kdo-containing common tetrasaccharide core structure of Haemophilus influenzae lipopolysaccharides via a l,6-anhydro-L-g7ycero-/i-D-/Kanno-heptopyranose intermediate, J. Org. Chem., 63 (1998) 7780-7788. 

Yildirim, H.H., Hood, D.W., Moxon, E.R., Schweda, E.K. Structural analysis of Upopolysaccha-rides from Haemophilus influenzae serotype f. Structural diversity observed in three strains. Eur J Biochem 270 (2003) 3153-3167. 

PenicBlins With Extended Spectra of Activity. Further modification of the basic penicillin structure produced ampi-cillin and amoxicillin with broader spectra of activity than the original penicillins. One important organism included in the spectra of these antibiotics is Haemophilus influenzae. These antibiotics are used to treat otitis media and respiratory infections in children. 

Fig. 2. Generalised structure of the dephosphorylated Haemophilus influenzae and ducreyi lipooligosaccharide without the lipid A part...

Synthesis of Haemophilus influenzae and ducreyi Lipopolysaccharide Structures... 

In a programme directed towards the synthesis and later antigenic evaluation of all the six different capsular types of Haemophilus influenzae (type a-f), the development of an effective synthesis of fructofuranosides became necessary, since this is a motif in the type e structure [97] (Fig. 7). The synthesis of the repeating unit without the fructofuranosyl residue has been reported [98]. 

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