Habituation techniques

Experiments using a habituation technique have shown that the tamarins are able to discriminate between the scent marks of two unknown individuals of the same sex (Epple et al., 1979). An additional experiment strongly suggested that the animals utilize scent to identify known individuals. 

There are two approaches to synthesizing hydrophilic carotenoids (1) appending a hydrophilic group to the carotenoid scaffold (Foss et al. 2006a) or (2) joining a carotenoid to a hydrophilic compound, Scheme 3.3 (Foss et al. 2003). Whereas the Scheme 3.3 intuitively explains the difference, these techniques cannot be clearly separated in praxis the distinction may appear more emotional than conceptual. Both methods are habitually hampered by low yields, find their limits in the availability of functionalized carotenoids, and cause problems in the work-up procedure due to the amphiphilic character of the products. 

Sensory development Several screening tests that detect overall sensory deficits rely on orientation or the response of an animal to a stimulus. Responses are recorded as present, absent or changed in magnitude (Moser MacPhail, 1989). Another approach to the characterization of sensory function involves the use of reflex modification techniques (Crofton, 1990). Changes in stimulus frequency or threshold required to elicit a reflex or to induce habituation indicate possible changes in sensory function. 

Adsorption isotherms are habitually obtained using the solution depletion method, which consists of comparing the solute concentrations before and after the attainment of adsorption equilibrium. Electrokinetic or zeta potentials are determined by two techniques microelectrophoresis [12,14,17] and streaming potential [13,58,59]. The former is employed to measure the mobility of small particles of chemically pure adsorbents, whereas the latter is adopted to investigate the electrophoretic behaviour of less pure coarser mineral particles. A correlation between the adsorption and electrophoretic results is usually examined with the aim of sheding light on the mechanism by means of which the surfactants are adsorbed at the solution-solid interface. This implies the necessity of maintaining the same experimental conditions in both experiments. For this purpose, the same initial operational procedure is applied. 

In a Hrst arrangement the process control system includes automatic sampUng in the hot zone such as an explosion-proof container, the manual or automatic transfer of the sample to the laboratory, a robot to prepare the analysis, and transfer of the solution to be analyzed to an fiber-optic measurement cell [163]. This architecture is most commonly found today if the laboratory is habitually and directly involved in controlling the various steps in the process. It is JustiHed if the samples must also be prepared in a hot zone, or if the analysis requires semiautomatic operations such as dissolution of solid samples, or sophisticated techniques such as chromatography, mass spectrometry, or emission spec-... 

Two studies (Abdulla et al, 1981 Lightowler and Davies, 1998) used the duplicate portion technique to assess the iodine content of the vegans diets. Usual restraints and influences identified with this technique, such as the possible influence on dietary habits of collecting the food samples and gaining adequate cooperation from the subjects, might have been reduced in the Abdulla study that was undertaken in a controlled environment. These individuals consumed a modified diet to which they were unaccustomed, their iodine intakes would therefore not be a true reflection of their habitual diet. 

Moreover the development of non-invasive intelligent diagnosis techniques would be very valuable for the early detection and classification of different types of dementia. Particularly, because they do not require specialized persoimel or laboratory equipment, so that anyone in the habitual enviromnent of the patient could perform (after proper training) without altering or blocking the patient s abilities. Automatic Spontaneous Speech Analysis (ASSA) and Emotional Response Analysis (ERA) on speech are two of them [15, 16]. 

BIOFEEDBACK. This term refers to various techniques by which a limited amount of voluntary control is gained over certain body functions that were hitherto thought to be strictly automatic and therefore not subject to such control. It may be necessary for certain excitable people to learn how to exert control over their nerves so that they may prevent steep rises in blood pressure and/or racing of the heart when they become excited. Overreaction to emotional excitement, if habitual, could offset the benefits which accrue from the treatment of their disease. However, they may be taught how partially to control their blood pressure and heart rate by biofeedback, thereby countering the threat of various cardiovascular disorders. 

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