Gunshot residuals, forensic analysis

R. S. White, and A. D. Owens, Automation of Gunshot Residue Detection and Analysis by Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (SEM/EDX), Journal of Forensic Sciences 32, no. 6 (November 1987) 1595. 

M. H. Mach, A. Pallos, and P. F. Jones, Feasibility of Gunshot Residue Detection via Its Organic Constituents. Part 1. Analysis of Smokeless Powders by Combined Gas Chromatography-Chemical Ionisation Mass Spectrometry, Journal of Forensic Sciences 23, no. 3 (1978) 433. 

Drawing on the extensive experience of the northern Ireland Forensic Science Laboratory (N1FSL), Chemical Analysis of Firearms, Ammunition, and Gunshot Residue—... 

Brozek-Mucha, Z. On the prevalence of gunshot residue in selected populations - an empirical study performed with SEM-EDX analysis. Forensic Sci. hit. 237,46-52 (2014)... 

During the last decade, capillary electrophoresis (CE) has developed into a widely applied method for the analysis of pharmaceuticals (both for the evaluation of pharmaceutical formulations and metabolites). These applications established the basis for introducing CE into the forensic held also. Today, capillary electrophoresis can be applied to a number of analytical problems in forensic science, including the analysis of gunshot residues, explosives, inks, dusts, soils, and, of course, illicit drugs, diverse toxicants, DNA hngerprinting, protein analysis, and so forth (for reviews, see Refs. 1 and 2). 

SEMs are now often equipped with an energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis system for the elemental analysis of certain specimens. For example, the standard forensic laboratory test for identifying gunshot residue is based on the use of an electron microscope equipped with an EDX analyser. 

Stripping analysis has been widely used for measuring trace metals in biological fluids. The use of stripping analysis for decentralized testing of blood lead in children has been particularly successful [46]. Measurements of mercury in fish [48], of antimony in gunshot residues [40], or of cadmium impurities in zinc plant electrolyte [55], represent typical food, forensic, and industrial applications, respectively, of stripping analysis. These,... 

Meng H and Caddy B (1997) Gunshot residue analysis - a review. Journal of Forensic Sciences 42 553. 

Schwoehle AJ and Exline DL (2000) Current Methods in Forensic Gunshot Residue Analysis. Boca Raton, FL CRC Press. 

See also Amphetamines. Blood and Plasma. Clinical Analysis Glucose. Fluorescence Quantitative Analysis. Forensic Sciences Blood Analysis Gunshot Residues Systematic Drug Identification. Heroin. Proteins Physiological Samples. 

Zhao M, Zhang S, Yang C, Xu Y, Wen Y, Sun L, Zhang X (2008) Desorption electrospray tandem MS (DESI-MSMS) analysis of methyl centralite and ethyl centralite as gunshot residues on skin and other surfaces. J Forensic Sci 53 807-811... 

D. "Gunshot Residue Analysis by Micellar Electrokinetic Capillary Electrophoresis Assessment for ApplicaHon to Casework" (Parts 1 and 2). Journal cf Forensic Sciences 46 (2001), 549-572. 

Probably no branch of science is held to higher scmtirty than forensics. In a forensics laboratory, when trace evidence is often all there is available from a crime scene, a trained microscopist is imperative. Dmg tests, blood tests, gunshot residue, glass matching, and fiber and hair analysis are all performed on trace evidence using a variety of microchemical techniques, most often with a polarized light microscope. 

Koons, R. D. (1998). Analysis of gunshot primer residue collection swabs by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry.J. Forensic Sci. 43(4), 748. 

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