Growth paracetamol

M. Fujiwara, P.S. Chow, D.L. Ma and R.D. Braatz, Paracetamol crystallization using laser backscatteiing and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy metastability, agglomeration, and control, Cryst. Growth Des., 2(5), 363-370 (2002). 

Worlitschek, J. Mazzotti, M., Model-based optimization of particle size distribution in batchcooling crystallization of paracetamol Cryst. Growth Des. 2004 ASAP Web Release Date 17.2.2004 http //dx.doi.org DOI 10.1021/cg034179b. 

Hendriksen, B.A. Grant, D.J.W. The effect of structurally related substances on the nucleation kinetics of paracetamol (acetaminophen). J. Cryst. Growth 1995, 156, 252-260. 

Shekunov, B.Y. Grant, D.J.W. In situ optical interferometric studies of the growth and dissolution behavior of paracetamol (acetaminophen). 1. Growth kinetics. J. Phys. Chem. B 1997,101 (20), 3973-3979. 

Fusaro, F. Mazzotti, M. Gas antisolvent recrystallization of paracetamol from acetone using compressed carbon dioxide as antisolvent. Cryst. Growth Des. 2004, 0 (0), 1-9. 

The majority of the crystallization literature deals with inorganic crystals, and the organic chemistry literature mainly covers small organic molecules with few degrees of freedom such as glutamic acid, phenytoin, or paracetamol. The reality in the pharmaceutical industry is often much more complicated— molecular weights above 1000 g/mole are common, and complex molecular structures have an effect on nucleation and growth kinetics as well as on the likelihood of polymorph formation. 

Figure 11.15 Uptake of impurities by paracetamol crystals. (Reprinted with permission from Hendricksen, B.A., Grant, D.J. W., Meehan, P., and Green, D.A., In Crystal Growth of Organic Materials, ACS Conf. Proc. Series, Myerson, A.S., Green, D.A., Meehan, P. eds., pp. 95-104 (1996). 1996. American Chemical Society.)...

Weis M, Kass GE, Orrenius S (1994) Further characterization of the events involved in mitochondrial Ca2+ release and pore formation by prooxidants. Biochem Pharmacol 47 2147—2156 Welch KD, Reilly TP, Bourdi M, Hays T, Pise-Masison CA, Radtmovich MF, Brady JN, Dix DJ, Pohl LR (2006) Genomic identification of potential risk factors during acetaminophen-induced liver disease in susceptible and resistant strains of mice. Chem Res Toxicol 19 223-233 Wendel A, Feuerstein S, Konz KH (1979) Acute paracetamol intoxication of starved mice leads to lipid peroxidation in vivo. Biochem Pharmacol 28 2051-2055 Yamada Y, Kirillova I, Peschon JJ, Fausto N (1997) Initiation of liver growth by tumor necrosis factor deficient liver regeneration in mice lacking type I tumor necrosis factor receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94 1441-1446... 

Yamada M, Kim S, Egashira K, Takeya M, Dceda T, Mimura O, Iwao H (2003) Molecular mechanism and role of endothelial monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 induction by vascular endothelial growth factor. Arterioscler Thromb Vase Biol 23 19%-2001 Yee SB, Bourdi M, Masson MJ, Pohl LR (2007) Hepatoprotective role of endogenous interleukin-13 in a murine model of acetaminophen-induced liver disease. Chem Res Toxicol 20 734-744 Younes M, Cornelius S, Siegers CP (1986) Ferrous ion supported in vivo lipid peroxidation induced by paracetamol - its relation to hepatotoxicity. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 51 89-99... 

S.D. Finnic, R.O. Ristic, J.N. Sherwood, and A.M. Zikic. Morphological and growth rate distributions of small self-nucleated paracetamol crystals grown from pure aqueous solutions. J. Cryst. Growth 207 308-318,1999. 

Community in given structures may be assumed taking into account coincidence of waves length and values of optical density for solutions with concentrations 10 , and 10 mole/1. Gradual reduction of paracetamol concentration in solutions is not accompanied by the same reduction of optical density value. Growth of absorption in comparison with more concentrated solutions is observed for solutions with concentrations 10 , 10and 10 mole/1 (Table 3). All this allows to assume the rise of stmctural changes in these solutions. ... 

While studying solutions in supersmall doses of ascorbic acid, paracetamol and also at their joint presence by method of electronic spectroscopy it has been found out that irregular growth of absorption is observed for solutions with ascorbic acid concentrations 10 , 10 and 10 mole/1 in comparison with more concentrated solutions and for paracetamol solutions with concentrations 10 , 10 10 and 10 mole/1. But for the mixture ascorbic acid-paracetamol such interval is 10 , 10 10 and 10 mole/1. 

Figure 6.8 The average growth rate value of a paracetamol single crystal as a function of supersaturation at 25 °C and 40 °C measured for the different growth directions (Xa, Xb, and Y) [23].

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