Growth mixing effects

This model is rather simple, because it neglects possible mixing effects caused by natural convection and convection forced by H2 flow or slider motion and the dependence of impurity diffusion coefficients on the concentrations of other impurities present in the melt. The exact mechanism by which baking influences the concentration of trace impurities is not well understood. However, the use of a prebaking step is considered necessary to achieve high-purity film growth by LPE. 

Co-injection can be done by simply mixing the two cell populations in suspension in an adequate injection vehicle (e.g. HBSS), usually in a 1 1 ratio. By using this method, the growth promoting effect of bone stromal cells on prostatic cancer has been demonstrated, after subcutaneous injection of a mixture containing 10 ... 

An adaptation of the Damkochicr number (Da) is a useful concept for evaluation of mixing effects in crystallization. It is the ratio of the characteristic mixing time to its corresponding process time (nucleation induction time, crystal growth/supersaturation release time, or reaction time). Studies of these times and the resulting predicted Damkoehler number in a laboratory setting can provide evidence of possible scale-up problems. 

Similar to the discussion of the Da number for nucleation, at low Da values for crystallization—fast mixing and slow release of supersaturation—mixing would not affect crystal growth, whereas at high ratios—slow mixing and fast release of supersaturation— mixing effects would be critical to PSD, as fast local crystal growth may occur. 

Woo, X.Y., R.B.H. Tan, P.S. Chow, and R.D. Braatz (2006). Simulation of mixing effects in antisolvent crystallization using a coupled CFD-PDF-PBE approach. Crystal Growth Design 6, 1291-1303. 

Table 6.7 Summary of linear mixed effect model analysis to tumor growth data using a repeated measures analysis of covariance treating time as a categorical variable.

The previous examples dealt with the effect of mixing delays on fast parallel or consecutive reactions. Mixing effects are also found in bioreactors, even though the cell growth and product formation reactions are relatively slow [5]. Because of the low solubility of oxygen in water, the dissolved... 

Yeast flocculation, an essential phenomenon in beer fermentation, is influenced by the medium composition, especially by the glucose concentration, and is delayed by the mixing effect of CO2 production. The time variation of the suspended yeast concentration is thus taken as the difference between the growth and flocculation rate as ... 

In rat embryos treated with the compound aconitine at doses of 0,1, 2.5, 5, or 10 pg/ml, with or without S9 mix, embryonic growth and development were adversely affected at the concentration of 2.5 pg/ml aconitine without S9 mix. Effects included reduced crown-rump length... 

Mixing effects on nucleation and growth in crystallization (Chapter 17)... 

Carol and Joe succeeded in balancing the reaction requirements with the crystallization parameters required to achieve a growth-dominated process. In doing so, they had to choose a mixing system that would achieve micromixing effectively for the fast reaction but which was compatible with crystal growth. Mixing issues in this and other types of crystallization operations are discussed in more detail in Chapter 17. 

The linear mixed effects model including the random terms explained 16.12% of variation in the pHy measurements. The most marked effects of EMA and Oss were seen at low HSCW (i.e. 150 kg) with an increase in EMA of 30 cm, or a decrease in Oss of 60 points both reducing pHy by -0.05 pH units (F <0.001, Figure 1). This decrease in pH equates to a 12% reduction in the proportion of dark cutters. For both covariates this effect diminished beyond about 350 kg HSCW. Higher growth rate carcasses (i.e. HSCW corrected for Oss) had lower pHy (P<0.001). HSCW also had an effect with heavier carcasses having a lower pH (F <0.001). 

---