Growth factors nervous system development

Bottner M, Krieglstein K, Unsicker K (2000) The transforming growth factor-(3s structure, signaling, and roles in nervous system development and functions. J Neurochem 75 2227-2240... 

GROWTH FACTORS ARE ESSENTIAL FOR NERVOUS SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT AND FUNCTION 471... 

GROWTH FACTORS ACT COMBINATORIALLY AND SEQUENTIALLY TO REGULATE NERVOUS SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT 483... 

Dono, R. Fibroblast growth factors as regulators of central nervous system development and function. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 284 R867-R881, 2003. 

Dysbindin-2B has been identified as both stem cell factor apoptosis response protein 1 (SCF ARP1) by Lucas et al. (2005) and as a casein kinase 1 binding partner (CK1BP) by Yin et al. (2006). SCF ARP1 is expressed in bone marrow-derived myelomonocytic stem cells upon induction of apoptosis by withdrawal of stem cell growth factor SCF (Lucas et al., 2005). Programmed cell death via apoptosis controls stem cell numbers during hematopoietic cell development (Domen 2001). Since apoptosis is similarly important in development of neurons (Kuan et al., 2000 Buss and Oppenheim, 2004), dysbindin-2B may play a role in nervous system development (see also Section 2.2.33.1). 

Anlar, B., Sullivan, K.A., and Feldman, E.L. Insulin-like growth factor-I and central nervous system development. Harm. Metab. Res., 1999, 31, 120-125. 

Miller, F.D., Mathew, T.C. and Toma, J.G. (1991) Regulation of nerve growth factor receptor gene expression by nerve growth factor in the developing peripheral nervous system. 

K. (1991) Localization and actions of transforming growth factor-j8s in the embryonic nervous system. Development 113 183-191. 

Many cytokines play a regulatory role in processes other that immunity and inflammation. Neurotrophic factors, such as NGF and BDNF, regulate growth, development and maintenance of various neural populations in the central and peripheral nervous system. EPO stimulates the production of red blood cells from erythroid precursors in the bone marrow. 

IGF-I is widely expressed in the central nervous system. IGF-II is also present, being produced mainly by tissues at vascular interfaces with the brain. Both growth factors, along with insulin, play a number of important roles in the nervous system. They stimulate the growth and development of various neuronal populations and promote neurotrophic effects (discussed later) and may, therefore, be of potential use in the treatment of various neurodegenerative diseases. 

The factors are secreted into the extracellular milieu where they diffuse and then act in a paracrine fashion on other cells (Fig. 27-1). Indeed, there is evidence that this type of paracrine support is necessary to sustain neurons as they extend their processes over long distances in the developing nervous system [2]. An analogous process, autocrine stimulation, occurs when a cell synthesizes and secretes a growth factor to which the cell itself is responsive. In this case, the cell provides its own trophic support. 

Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) has a well recognized role as a trophic and survival factor for nervous system cells in tissue culture [26]. However, its specific functions in the developing and mature nervous system have been difficult to define largely because its actions as a trophic... 

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