Growth and Harvest

Country Grape cultivar Comments about cultivation area and quality 

Austria White wine cultivars MueUer-Thurgau Muscat-Ottonel  

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While plants and animal organs are often good sources of specific enzymes, such as a-chymotrypsin from bovine liver or peroxidase from soybeans, the vast majority of enzymes are obtained from microorganisms, mostly bacteria but also yeast or fungi. To obtain enzymes from microorganisms in known quantities and quality, at any time of year independently of nature s growth and harvest cycle, the appropriate production processes have to be developed. 

The phenoxys have become a major tool in silviculture. They have allowed the forest industries to eliminate more economically the competing vegetation which impedes the rapid growth and harvest of conifer forests. 

Lastly, the cellular sources subsection of the methods of manufacture section must include a detailed description of the process of inoculation, cell growth, and harvesting. The stages of cell growth should be described carefully, including the selection of the inoculum, scale-up for propagation, and established and proposed (if different) production batch size. 

Process Validation. A description and documentation of the validation studies should be included. If the process was changed or scaled up for commercial production and this involved changes in the fermentation steps, the revalidation of cell line stability during growth should be described, as in the previous section, and the data and results provided. A description and documentation of the validation studies for the cell growth and harvesting process that identify critical parameters of routine products should be submitted. Similarly, description and documentation of the validation of the purification process should be included. Finally, the subsection should describe and document the validation studies or any processes used for media sterilization and inactivation of cells prior to their release to the environment (if such inactivation is required). 

The growth and harvesting of the bacterial cells for this experiment is usually performed by a teaching assistant or a technician in advance of the experiment. The cells and cell extracts can be stored frozen at —20 or — 70°C before the class will use them. The amount of growth medium required will depend on the amount of cells required. Generally, 1 liter of bacterial culture will provide sufficient enzyme for a class of 50 students working in pairs. 

Growth and Harvesting of Microaloae. Skeletonema costatum starter cultures were obtained from Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, West Boothbay Harbor, Maine. The culture conditions are described by Polak (11). The cells were harvested when they were 2 or 3 weeks old by continuous centrifugation. The biomass obtained was immediately frozen at -28°C, freeze-dried, flushed with and stored at -28°C in darkness. A total of four batches were grown and used in experiments. 

Table III. NET ANNUAL GROWTH AND HARVEST ON COMMERCIAL TIMBERLANDS IN THE UNITED STATES (6)...

More recently, the synthesis of biomass (i.e., cell/organisms) has become an important alternative energy source. In 2009, ExxonMobil invested over 600 million dollars to develop algae growth and harvest in waste ponds. It is estimated that one acre of algae can provide 2,(XK) gallons of gasoline per year. 

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