Groundwater, treatment strategies

Consider municipal drinking water from two different kinds of sources, one a flowing, well-aerated stream with a heavy load of particulate matter, and the other an anoxic groundwater. Describe possible differences in the water treatment strategies for these two sources of water. 

For the site of the trickling pond, a site-specific strategy for the remediation was established. Flighly contaminated hot spots were excavated to protect the groundwater. The applied biological treatment technology was tested in pilot scale on site. A feasibility study was done for the estimation of remediation time and TNT reduction which can be achieved by biological transformation. 

WaterSmart Environmental, Inc. (WaterSmart), has developed the Express process technology for simultaneous treatment of contaminated soil and groundwater. Express, a combination of soil washing/leaching and in situ biological treatment, is an acronym for EXPedited REmediation Site Strategy. 

Online monitoring and control of the biological denitrification process in a cell recyle membrane reactor has been developed and implemented at laboratory scale. The system has been tested with a real groundwater contaminated with nitrate. The results presented in this study show that the C7N ratio is the key parameter to guarantee an efficient denitrification process. A simple feedforward control strategy that adjusts the feed rate of the carbon source to maintain an inlet C/N ratio value of 1.39 is effective at reducing both nitrate and nitrite concentrations in the treated water below the maximum admissible values. Moreover, this control strategy based on the C/N ratio is easy to implement in a water treatment plant and does not increase the complexity of its operation at industrial scale. 

In order to cope with water scarcity and pollution of the hydrosphere, two main strategies of water treatment are applied (1) chemical treatment of polluted drinking water, surface water, groundwater and (2) chemical treatment of waste-waters containing biocidal or non-biodegradable components. 

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