Green taxe

As pointed out before, in the USA and UK green chemistry has become synonymous with chemical industrial processes that avoid (toxic) by-products as much as possible the greening of industry. The following sections analyze in more detail the principles and some examples of this green chemistry. In many countries, concepts such as green accounts, green procurement and green taxes are accepted. 

S. Nathan. Chem Ind (Lond) 1995 824 [green taxes in Europe]. ... 

The province of British Columbia has imposed a 5 surcharge or "green tax" on the purchase of Pb/acid batteries to be used for a "sustainable Environmental Fund." A monitoring and tracking system has been initiated and incentives from the fund have increased the return of used batteries, especially from remote areas. 

As producers start to realize the financial implications of green taxes such as those aimed at reducing the amount of waste that goes to landfill, separation processes that enable producers to reduce, recycle, or not produce the waste in the first place, become more viable. 

Political leaders both in government and in opposition are embedding environmental protection and climate change in their political agenda and proposing green taxes to control carbon emission by industfies as well consumers. 

In electrical power stations a new measure of the performance is the amount of CO2 produced per unit of electricity generated, i.e. A = kg(C02)/kWh this quantity can be non-dimensionalised by writing A = A( 16/44)(LCV) where (16/44) is the mass ratio of fuel to CO2 for methane and (LCV) in its lower heating value. However, presenting the plant s green performance in terms of A directly allows the cost of any tax on the carbon dioxide to be added to the untaxed cost of electricity production most easily. 

Green, K., et al. (1999). Climate Change Policy Options and Impacts Perspectives on Risk Reduction, Emissions Trading, and Carbon Tax. Los Angeles Reason Public Policy Institute. 

A Microsoft Excel (Version 5.0 or higher) spreadsheet template form has been developed which allows the calculation of the complete reaction mass efficiency (RME) according to equation (4.1) and raw material cost (RMC) for any chemical transformation. Lines are numbered and line instructions are embedded in the same manner as a personal income tax form. Green metrics are evaluated to determine the greermess of the experiment in a rigorous quantitative way and to determine the bottom line cost of carrying out the experiment. Formula entries are inserted in appropriate cells to facilitate computation. Any... 

New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (2000) New York State green building tax credit legislation overview. Available at http //www.dec.ny.gov/energy/1540. html. Accessed 30 May 2011... 

Economic incentives, e.g. taxes, fees, permit trading and green procurement... 

Licensing DFE projects Licensing and Taxes and Regulations Ecolabeling, Green Consumer- Waste... 

When all the costs are taken together, a value of 0.45 Euro/litre is calculated for the production costs of the FT liquids (based on the net electricity production and when the electricity is sold as green). This value is higher than the cost price of fossil transportation fuels of 0.34 Euro/litre, but sufficiently below the market price (in The Netherlands in October 2000) of 0.91 EuroAitre to have room for tax incentives from the government. 

An income tax exemption scheme for green funds that create the possibility to obtain loans for investments at a rate that is on average 0.5% lower than standard commercial loans. 

Peat is used in Sweden as a fuel in electricity and heat production and corresponds to about 1.3 Mt CO2 per year. Currently, peat is exempt from CO2 tax. Moreover, if peat is used as a fuel for electricity production, the operator will receive green certificates, which can be sold. With the introduction of the EU ETS, operators using peat will need to acquire allowances, which will increase the operators costs for using peat considerably. Calculations have shown that if allowances prices rise above 20-25 per ton CO2, operators will shift from peat to alternative fuels, such as coal (cheaper), or natural gas or bio-fuels (lower emissions). As a result it is possible that the use of peat for energy supply will be significantly reduced. 

Source EITC Refunds and Recipient Families Years 1975-1989. Green Book 2004. US House Ways and Means Committee, Tablel3-14. Years 1990-2004. IRS Statistics of Income. TaxStats - Table 4 Individual Income Tax Returns with Earned Income Credit... 

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