Grapholita molesta

Males may compete for females. For example, Grapholita molesta males can display variability in their sequence of courtship behaviors (see p. 290), such that a later-arriving male may truncate his courtship sequence, bypassing extrusion of his hairpencils and dissemination of courtship pheromone, and proceed directly to a copulatory attempt, at the expense of the honest, hairpencil-extruding signaler (Baker, 1983). 

Lofstedt, C., Vickers, N. J., Roelofs, W. L. and Baker, T. C. (1989a). Diet related courtship success in the oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Tortricidae). Oikos 55 402 108. 

The most intensive effort to use pheromones in insect management has been in Australia, where an attract-and-kill strategy has been developed for protecting stone fruit crops. Historically, the Oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta Busck, was the major stone fruit pest, and heavy insecticide applications kept both this moth and, coincidentally, the Carpophilus beetles at acceptable levels. However, the widespread adoption of pheromone-based mating disruption for G. molesta control released the Carpophilus beetles from insecticide pressure, and these beetles, Ca. davidsoni in particular, became the dominant stone fruit pests (James et al., 1994). Late applications of broad-spectrum insecticides often... 

M.A. Willis and T.C. Baker, Effects of varying pheromone component ratios on the zigzagging flight movements of grapholita molesta. Journal of Insect Behavior 1 (1998) 357-371. 

At present the majority of pheromones used are those involving control and monitoring of Lepidoptera such as pink bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella, the oriental fruit moth Grapholita molesta and the tomato pinworm Keiferia lycopersicella. The advantage of a sex pheromone used against these species is that often there is quite an extensive range over which the pheromone can be effective. However, on the downside is the fact that only males are trapped. This means that it is... 

The timescale over which the moths reactions to pheromone strands and clean air occur is remarkably small. The behavioral responses to both the onset (upwind surge) and loss of filaments (cross-wind casting) can be as fast as 0.15 s in Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Baker and Haynes 1987), but usually are between 0.3 and 0.6 s Vickers and Baker 1997). In studies of host-odor responses by flying female moths, only the latency of the casting flight response to loss of the odor has been measured, and its time course is similar to that of the latency for pheromone loss, 0.7 s (Haynes and Baker 1989). 

Acetamiprid (2) is a broad-spectrum insecticide that is ovicidal and larvicidal against a wide range of sucking insects such as Hemiptera (especially aphids) or adults of Thysanoptera, Isoptera and Coleoptera pests. It has contact, stomach and systemic long-lasting action and is moderately activity against Lepidoptera such as the peach fruit moth Carposina niponensis), the oriental fruit moth Grapholita molesta), and the diamond back moth Plutella xylostella) and has ovicidal effects on these species as well (Table 29.2.1.6) [29]. 

The turbulent nature of moving air dictates that odor plumes will have a fenestrated, intermittent structure. In fact experiments that manipulated the gross structure of the pheromone plume revealed that males actually require intermittency to sustain upwind progess (Kennedy, Ludlow, Sanders 1980 1981 Kennedy, 1982 Willis and Baker, 1984 Baker, Willis, Haynes Phelan, 1985). Shifting the wind field and hence a plume revealed that male Grapholita molesta were capable of responding quickly to encounters with pheromone... 

Valeur, RG. Lofstedt, C. 1996. Behavior of male oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta, in overlapping sex pheromone plumes in a wind tunnel. EntomoL Exp. Appl. 79 51—59. 

Willis, M.A. Baker, T.C. 1984. Effects of intermittent and continuous pheromone stimulation on the flight behaviour of the oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta. Physiol. EntomoL 9 341—358. 

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