Graphitic carbon structure

Synergistic effects have been noticed and ascribed to the char reinforcing influence of CNTs. Moreover, CNTs could promote the formation of graphitized carbon structures allowing a better protective shielding for the remaining material. 

Such experiments with large amounts of heavy-metal oxides in carbon arcs should be done with caution. The oxides are readily reduced under conditions of the arc to die neutral metal, and there is no guarantee that all of these metal atoms will end up safely on the inside of carbon cages. In addition to their toxicity. Finely dispersed lanthanum metal atoms on the outside of graphitic carbon structures are highly pyrophoric, as was demonstrated to us quite memorably when we vented the carbon arc apparatus rapidly to air after our First run. We now bleed in a small amount of air while the apparatus is still under vacuum, converting the surface lanthanum into La20j at a slow, controlled rate. 

In the 1930s Hoffman and Wilm [101] found only (hkO) graphite reflections in an x-ray diffraction study of a carbon black. The absence of graphitie (hkl) reflections led them to propose a structure consisting of graphitic carbon layer... 

In this chapter, the structure refinement program will be used to determine the structural parameters of graphitic carbons as shown in section 3. 

Graphitic carbon is now used as the anode material in lithium-ion batteries produced by Moli Energy (1990) Ltd., Matsushita, Sanyo and A+T battery. It is important to understand how the structures and properties of graphitic carbons affect the intercalation of lithium within them. 

Graphitic carbons are the most crystalline of the carbonaceous materials of the three regions in Fig. 2. During the last 40 years, the structure of graphitic carbons has been carefully studied by many scientists [2,15,21,22]. 

The structure refinement program for disordered carbons, which was recently developed by Shi et al [14,15] is ideally suited to studies of the powder diffraction patterns of graphitic carbons. By performing a least squares fit between the measured diffraction pattern and a theoretical calculation, parameters of the model structure are optimized. For graphitic carbon, the structure is well described by the two-layer model which was carefully described in section 2.1.3. 

Tiling rule for cage structure of graphitic carbon... 

The synthesis of molecular carbon structures in the form of C q and other fullerenes stimulated an intense interest in mesoscopic carbon structures. In this respect, the discovery of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) [1] in the deposit of an arc discharge was a major break through. In the early days, many theoretical efforts have focused on the electronic properties of these novel quasi-one-dimensional structures [2-5]. Like graphite, these mesoscopic systems are essentially sp2 bonded. However, the curvature and the cylindrical symmetry cause important modifications compared with planar graphite. 

The surface structure has a strong influence on the corrosion rate of carbon in both acid and alkaline electrolytes. Studies by Kinoshita [33] clearly showed that the specific corrosion rate mAcm"2 of carbon black in 96 wt% H3P04 at 160 °C was affected by heat treatment. A similar trend in the corrosion rate in alkaline electrolyte was observed by Ross [30c], as shown in Fig. 4. It is evident that the corrosion rates of the nongraphitized carbons are higher than those of the corresponding graphitized carbons. Their study further indicated that some types of carbon blacks (e.g., semi... 

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