Graphite lithium intercalation into

Figure 4. Depiction of lithium intercalated into the carbon/graphite lattice.

Figure 6. The entropy of lithium intercalation into natural graphite, after [22],...

Figure 11. (a) Initial IV2 cycles of a Li/petroleum coke cell. The cell was cycled at a rate of 12.5 h for Ax = 0.5 in Li sG6. (b) Initial IV2 cycles of a Li/graphite cell. The cell was cycled at a rate of 40 h for Ax= 0.5 in Li sG6. F denotes the irreversible capacity associated with SEI formation, E the irreversible capacity due to exfoliation, and I the reversible capacity due to lithium intercalation into carbon. 1.0 M LiAsEe in EC/PC was used as electrolyte. (Reproduced with permission from ref 36 (Eigure 2). Copyright 1990 The Electrochemical Society.)... 

Funabiki A, Inaba M, Ogumi Z, Yuasa S, Otsuji J, Tasaka A. Impedance study on the electrochemical lithium intercalation into natural graphite Powder. J Electrochem Soc 1998 145 172-178. 

In the case of lithium intercalation into well-resolved graphite structures, the thermodynamically stable LiCg compound can be obtained. Activity of lithium in this compound is unity, as the potential of such a compound is usually equal to the potential of a lithium electrode. Therefore, the equation of intercalation-deintercalation is usually as follows ... 

Graphite has competition reactions especially at low temperature one is a lithium intercalation into its structure and the other is the hthium deposition on it, which means the rather low intercalation reaction kinetics. Another important and interesting result reveahng the importance of the electrolyte additives is shown Fig. 5, representing a graphite anode after the completion of six cycles under the... 

Komaba, S. Yabuuchi, N. Ozeki, T. Okushi, K. Yui, H. Konno, K. Katayama, Y Miura, X, Functional binders for reversible lithium intercalation into graphite in propylene carbonate and ionic liquid media, J. Power Sources., 2010, 195, 6069-6074. 

It is widely recognized that PC decomposes spontaneously during lithium intercalation into graphite. Consequently, EC-based electrolytes are commonly utilized in LIBs... 

Lithium intercalation into graphite was studied by Morita et al. [116], who used XRD and electrochemical QCMB techniques. The XRD pattern of the graphite electrode after cathodic polarization in LiCl04/EC-DMC solution shows a spectrum that is more complicated than that for an electrode polarized in EC-PC mixture. 

When lithium intercalates into graphitic carbons, formation of the SEl film is an important process. The quality of this film obviously affects the electrochemical performance, just like painting the outside of the walls is crucial to the appearance of a building. SEl formation consists of two steps (1) the SEl film starts to form at potentials above 0.5 V (vs. Lb/Li) and (2) the main phase of its formation between 0.5 and 0.2 V. From 0.2 V lithium intercalation starts to form stage compounds. Even in the case of inorganic eutectic salts at 250°C, lithium intercalation also starts from that potential. If the SEl film is not stable or dense, decomposition of electrolytes and cointercalation of a solvent will take place leading to deterioration of the carbon structure. Of course, the quality of the film is dependent on carbon materials and... 

Yamada Y, Usui K, Chiang CH, Kikuchi K, Furukawa K, Yamada A (2014) General observation of lithium intercalation into graphite in ethylene-carbonate-free superconcentrated electrolytes. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 6(14) 10892-10899. doi 10.1021/am5001163... 

Like polymeric electrodes, carbon can form a positive or negative electrode by virtue of doping the material with anions or cations. The ions intercalate into the stmcture of the carbon and can often be deintercalated reversibly. In addition, work on carbons for Uthium-ion type cells where essentiaUy metaUic lithium intercalates into graphitic carbons has been studied. Preliminary reports of Uthium intercalation in carbon [97,176] were... 

---