Graphite chemistry

Our results on the reductive alkylation of coal offer insights into proposed analogies between coal chemistry and graphite chemistry (37). Graphite, as the largest polynuclear aromatic compound, can be reduced by anions of all other polynuclear aromatic compounds in fact, this observation has been exploited to synthesize intercalation compounds (38j. Although the added electron density of these compounds is predominantly on the carbon planes, these infinite aromatic anions possess chemistry distinct from that of molecular-basis aromatic anions. While napthalene anion will react with water to form a mixture of 1,4-dihydro-naphthalene and naphthalene, the graphite anion is inert to water (39-42) ... 

The rigorous analogy between coal chemistry and graphite chemistry fails on two levels (1) Although graphite undergoes reactions similar to those of polynuclear aromatic compounds, differences do exist. (2) While... 

D.B. Fischbach, The Kinetics and Mechanism of Graphitization, Chemistry and Physics of Carbon (Edited by P L. Walker, Jr.), New York Marcel Dekker, 7, 1-105, (1971). 

There is also a negative aspect to consistency. Data which are too consistent are also suspect. Variability patterns are usually quite reproducible from experiment to experiment. Less than usual variability does not always mean better and more careful experimentation. To an auditor, it may suggest the application of mental telepathy or what, in my student days, was known as graphite chemistry. 

N. Bartlett and B. W. McQuillan, Graphite Chemistry, in Intercalation Chemistry, 19-47, M. S. Whittingham, Ed., Academic Press, New York (1982). 

In Korea, Samsung and LG, major manufacturers of the lithium-ion (Li-Ion) battery for consumer product application, have extended their interest to vehicle applications and have presented several papers. LG s paper on the HEV battery presents the battery as a polymer lithium battery of manganese-graphite chemistry. It is remarkable that they also present a battery module design and its development is expected. ... 

Lot 1 was based on the heritage electrodes chemistries and formulations, based on LiNio.8Coo.2O2 cathode and an MCMB anode. Lot 5 was built with new cathode (LiNio.75Coo 15AI0 05O2) and anode (synthetic graphite) chemistry and updated binder materials, with new binder contents roughly adjusted to accommodate the... 

Figure Bl.26.4. The adsorption of argon and krypton on graphitized carbon black at 77 K (Eggers D F Jr, Gregory N W, Halsey G D Jr and Rabinovitch B S 1964 Physical Chemistry (New York Wiley) eh 18).

N. Watanabe, T. Nakajima, and H. Touhara, Studies in Inorganic Chemistry 8, Graphite Fluorides, Elsevier Science PubHshers, New York, 1988. 

The eommonest erystalline forms of earbon, cubie diamond and hexagonal graphite, are elassical examples of allotropy that are found in every chemistry textbook. Both diamond and graphite also exist in two minor crystallographie forms hexagonal diamond and rhombohedral graphite. To these must be added earbynes and Fullerenes, both of which are crystalline earbon forms. Fullerenes are sometimes referred to as the third allotrope of carbon. However, sinee Fullerenes were diseovered more recently than earbynes, they are... 

Fullerenes are described in detail in Chapter 2 and therefore only a brief outline of their structure is presented here to provide a comparison with the other forms of carbon. The C o molecule, Buckminsterfullerene, was discovered in the mass spectrum of laser-ablated graphite in 1985 [37] and crystals of C o were fust isolated from soot formed from graphite arc electrodes in 1990 [38]. Although these events are relatively recent, the C o molecule has become one of the most widely-recognised molecular structures in science and in 1996 the codiscoverers Curl, Kroto and Smalley were awarded the Nobel prize for chemistry. Part of the appeal of this molecule lies in its beautiful icosahedral symmetry - a truncated icosahedron, or a molecular soccer ball, Fig. 4A. 

J. E. Brocklehurst, Fracture in Polycrystalline Graphite, In Chemistry and Physics of Carbon, Vol. 13, ed. Philip L. Walker, Jr. and Peter A Thrower, Marcel Decker, New York, 1977, pp. 145 279. 

It would be worthwhile making theoretical calculations to evaluate the effect of defects on the nanotube properties. The chemistry might be affected, although to a lesser degree because nanotubes, like graphite, are chemically quite inert. If at all possible, nanotubes should be annealed (if not also purified) before physical measurements are made. Only then are the results likely to be consistent and unambiguous. 

Waranabe N Nakajima T Touhara, H Graphite Fluorides (Studies in Inorganic Chemistry, Vol 8) Elsevier Amsterdam New York ... 

Carbon forms 2 extremely stable oxides, CO and CO2, 3 oxides of considerably lower stability, C3O2, C5O2 and C]209, and a number of unstable or poorly characterized oxides including C2O, C2O3 and the nonstoichiometric graphite oxide (p. 289). Of these, CO and CO2 are of outstanding importance and their chemistry will be discussed in subsequent paragraphs after a few brief remarks about some of the others. 

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