Graphene aerogels

Fig. 2.23 Synthesis procedure for the GO-RF aerogel and graphene aerogel. Reprinted with the permission from Ref [128]. Copyright 2010 American Chemical Society...

Worsley MA, Pauzauskie PJ, Olson TY, Biener J, Satcher JH, Baumann TF (2010) Synthesis of graphene aerogel with high electrical conductivity. J Am Chem Soc 132 14067-14069... 

T.Y. et al (2010) Synthesis of graphene aerogel with high electrical conductivity. 

Chen, W., et ah, Self-assembly and embedding of nanoparticles by in situ reduced graphene for preparation of a 3D graphene/nanoparticle aerogel. Advanced Materials, 2011. 23(47) p. 5679-5683. 

Some of the nitrogen functions (e.g., N-6, N-5, N-Ox) are hydrophilic. As for N-Q, increased water vapor adsorption by nitrogen-containing carbon aerogels, compared to similar but N-free material was explained by polarization of the graphene layers near substitutional N-Q atoms that creates hydrophilic adsorption centers [84]. The adsorption isotherms appeared to be superpositions of a type II... 

Ju, H. F., W. L. Song, and L. Z. Fan. 2014. Rational design of graphene/porous carbon aerogels for high-performance flexible all-solid-state supercapacitors. Journal of Materials Chemistry A 2 10895-10903. 

Gu, W., and G. Yushin. 2014. Review of nanostructured carbon materials for electrochemical capacitor applications Advantages and limitations of activated carbon, carbide-derived carbon, zeolite-templated carbon, carbon aerogels, carbon nanotubes, onion-Uke carbon, and graphene. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Energy and Environment 3 424-473. 

Figure 23.15. Diagram of the structure of a carbon aerogel [38] with its typical network of interconnected primary particles. The primary particles contain micropores and ordered stacks of polycrystalline graphene layers. The size of these microcrystallites depends on the maximum treatment temperature.

Wang, D., F. Zhang, and J. Tang. 2015. Sodium alginate decorated carbon nanotubes-graphene composite aerogel for heavy metal ions detection. Electrochemistry 83(2) 84—90. 

There already exist the commercial EDLCs manufactured by several companies and almost all of them use activated carbon electrodes. Several carbon materials are investigated by researchers. For example, the activated carbon material, Alonso et al. suggested activated carbon derived fix>m a highly functionalized pitch showed 400 F g capacity with KOH aqueous solution [1]. Carbon nanotubes, carbon aerogels, and graphenes are prospective candidates for EDLC active materials. Bordjiba et al. introduced their carbon nanotube-carbon aerogel composite electrode as high capacitance electrode for EDLC and it showed 524 F g capacity in KOH aqueous electrolyte... 

FIGURE 15.11 Selection of carbon materials used for GDI. (a) Graphene (Adapted from Li, H. B. et al., Journal of Materials Chemistry, 19, 6773, 2009.) (b) multi-walled carbon nanotubes (Adapted from Zhang, D. et al.. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 97, 415, 2006.) (c) electrospun fibers (Adapted from Wang, M. et al.. New Journal of Chemistry, 34,1843,2010.) (d) activated carbon cloth (Adapted from Oh, H. J. et al.. Thin Solid Films, 515, 220,2006.) (e) carbon aerogel (Adapted from Li, J. etaL, Joumcd of Power Sources, 158,784,2(X)6.) and(f) ordered mesoporous carbon (Adapted from Peng, Z. et al.. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 115,17068, 2011.). 

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