Grape vineyards

The wine industry in the United States has not seen even growth it has been characterized by periods of rapid expansion interspersed with times of little growth. Our nationwide experiment designed to prohibit production, transport, and sale of alcoholic beverages effectively destroyed the commercial wineries and fine varietal vineyards of this country. As a side effect, however, it introduced many people to the mysteries of making wine at home and the reconstitution of fine varietal grape vineyards... 

Peoples et al. (5) reported that 351 cases of occupational illness caused By parathion exposure were seen by California physicians in 1975. Seventeen of these cases can be regarded as worker reentry incidents. Knaak et aj. (6) reported a case of 118 worker illnesses from dialifor exposure in a California grape vineyard in 1976. Davies et al. ( 7) reported 2 cases (24 fieldworkers) involving parathion in Florida sweet corn. In 1975, one death was reported from North Carolina workers reentering a parathion-treated tobacco field 8). 

Evaluation of Paraquat Use and Applicator Exposure in Grape Vineyards," project completion report to the Southern Region Pesticide Impact Assessment Program, Washington, O.C., 1981. Lavy, T.L. Project Completion Report to Nation Forest Products Association on Determination of 2,4-D Exposure Received by Forestry Applicators, Spring, 1980. 

After 8 h the treated Cannabis plants showed signs of substantial desiccation and browning, which probably further reduced the transfer of paraquat to the gloves of harvesters. The cumulative residues for both hands after 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 29 h was 1.45, 2.42, 3.07, 3.60, 4.01, and 4.24 mg, respectively. These cumulative residues would appear to be higher than those reported by Forbess et al. (1) on hands of either sprayer (0.081-1.324 mg) or mixers (nd-0.231 mg) engaged in paraquat applications to grape vineyards. 

OuGH, C.S., D. Stevens, and J. Almy. 1989b. Preliminary comments on effects of grape vineyard nitrogen fertilization on the subsequent ethyl carbamate formation in wines. Am.J. Enol. Vitic. 40 219-220. 

Period Vineyard, 10 ha Grapes, 10 t Yield, t/ha Wine total, 10 kl. Wine yield, kl./1... 

There are many details of good vineyard management as there are for any crop, but grapes are relatively tolerant, being perennials with deep roots and not high in water or fertility requirements. A few pests are special, notably grape phylloxera, a root louse native to America, but spread nearly... 

Careful records must be kept to enable verification of compHance. Each lot of wine must be traceable back to the grapes and vineyard. Tanks must be carefully gauged and the capacities recorded on them. If the wine is to be labeled "estate botded," not only must the wine be fermented, processed, and bottled by the state winery at thein Hsted address, but the vineyard must also be owned or controlled by that winery. Other label terrninology, subject to some further intricacies, are "produced," ie, fermented 75% or made into a different class of wine "prepared," "vinted," or "cellared," ie, subjected to ceUar processing or aging without changing the class of wine "blended," ie, combined at the stated address, wines (probably purchased) of the same class and type and "botded" or "packed" by the stated winery. 

As a beverage ethanol had been prepared and used long ago by the Egyptian pharaohs (2,3). Some iadication of the antiquity of the knowledge of ethyl alcohol is the fact that Noah is beheved to have built a vineyard ia which he grew grapes that he fermented iato a type of alcohoHc beverage (4). 

Comparing sun-exposed with shaded grape bunches in South African Riesling during the ripening period [45], sun-exposed grapes had up to 3 times more acid-releasable TDN than shaded bunches in the same vineyard. In the wines made from sun-exposed and shaded grapes, sun exposure induced a 50% increase in TDN. 

Table VIII. Phenolic Compounds in Grape Skins at Crop Maturity in Vineyard SC...

---