Granulation simulation

Chrzanowski FA, Ulissi LA, Fegely BJ, Newman AC. Preformulation excipient compatibility testing application of a differential scanning calorimetric method versus a wet granulation simulating, isothermal stress method. Drug Devel Ind Pharm 1986 12(6) 783-800. 

The last approach is to measure the deviation in the growth-rate curve from random exponential growth [Adetayo Ennis, AfChE J., (1997)]. The deviation from random growth indicates a value of t/ , or the critical granule diameter at which noninertial growth ends. This value is related to D. (See the Modeling and Simulation subsection for further discussion.)... 

When RPs are granulated, the lengths of the fibers are reduced. On reprocessing with virgin materials or alone, their processability and product performances are definitely change. So it is important to determine if the change will affect final product performances. If it will, a limit for the amount of regrind mix should be determined or no recycled RP is to be used. Use it in some other product such as simulated wood. 

Simulated results of Pulvermacher and Ruckenstein (P10) have demonstrated that the similarity spectra are established in very short agglomeration times irrespective of the initial granule size distribution, and that the size dispersion decreases with an increase in the value of the exponent y. 

The tests on DPE suit material and wood addressed size-reduction and material-transport problems identified during the Demo I testing (NRC, 2000a). DPE suit and butyl rubber simulant materials were shredded in a dedicated granulator, cryogenically cooled in a cryo-cooler with an internal screw conveyor, and reduced in a cryocooled hammer mill. No materials contaminated with agent were tested. 

In comparison to the approach of Ginski et al. [48], the Miyazaki s method appears to be more elaborate and complex and is thus coming closer to the in vivo situation. The device can simulate various effects of pH on dissolution and is, as an open system, closer to in vivo conditions compared to a closed one. However, it exhibits the drawback of not freely adjustable pH values acting on the drug. Low flow rate in the dissolution vessel may limit applications of complete dosage forms and allows predominantly only the use of granules, pellets, or grinded tablets. Furthermore, the application of compendial dissolution devices appears to be a more robust approach. 

FIGURE 18 PLS classification image (three replicates and five chemical compounds). Simulation of granulation issues. 

Leach rate measurements have been made on several waste forms, using the NAA technique. Some results are presented here as examples of the application of this method. Simulated wastes used in these studies consisted of two types of granules obtained from Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories. The differential leach rates of the bulk waste matrix were calculated with the equation ... 

Leaching of Sintered Granules. The initial studies in this work(J3) were done in granules consisting of 80% PW-4b spray-calcined simulated waste, 10% silica, and 10% borosilicate glass frit sintered at 1100 C. The granules were about 0.6 cm in diameter and weighed about 370 mg each. The surface area, based on the assumption of an impervious hard") spherical shape,... 

Cultured buttermilk is manufactured by fermenting whole milk, reconstituted nonfat dry milk, partly skimmed milk, or skim milk with lactic acid bacteria. Most commercial cultured buttermilk is made from skim milk. Mixed strains of lactic streptococci are used to produce lactic acid and leuconostocs for development of the characteristic diacetyl flavor and aroma. Buttermilk is similar to skim milk in composition, except that it contains about 0.9% total acid expressed as lactic acid. The percentage of lactose normally found in skim milk is reduced in proportion to the percentage of lactic acid in the buttermilk. According to White (1978), the fat content of buttermilk usually varies from 1 to 1.8%, sometimes in the form of small flakes or granules to simulate churned buttermilk, the by-product of butter churning. Usually 0.1% salt is added. 

In addition, the following problem would also arise the Zyklon B granules, which in the meantime would certainly have become moist, would lie trapped underneath the bodies in at least some places. To understand how this would effect the ventilation, we have carried out a simulation calculation based on the following assumption ... 

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