Bulk waste

Empty containers may be destroyed in an incinerator or decontaminated by washing with a dilute thiosulfate or sulfite solution. Bulk wastes should be treated by controlled iodine recovery processes. 

In 1997, the vendor stated that the costs of processing mixed Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)/low-level wastes and Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA)/low-level wastes were projected between 50 and 100 per barrel for drummed waste and between 100 and 200 per ton for bulk wastes. The theoretical wastes contained 30% moisture and consisted mainly of contaminated soils and mud (D17472V, p. 2). 

Leach rate measurements have been made on several waste forms, using the NAA technique. Some results are presented here as examples of the application of this method. Simulated wastes used in these studies consisted of two types of granules obtained from Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories. The differential leach rates of the bulk waste matrix were calculated with the equation ... 

Gross dissolution of the waste can be measured from the loss of weight of the sample or by determination of the appearance in the leaching medium of the major matrix constituent e.g. glass). However, the selective leaching of important fission product elements has been observed in this work to be significantly different from that of the bulk waste matrix. The units normally used to describe leach rates, g/cm day, appear to imply... 

Chromium occurs in three valence states 2 - -, 3 +, and 6 +. The 2 + state is formed in extreme reducing environments, but the bulk waste streams such as utility fly ash and... 

There are two bulk-waste products from which REEs can be recycled. They are red mud , a bauxite residue generated during the Bayer process for alumina production and phosphogypsum, a residue that is formed during phosphorus production, and contains REE originating from the original phosphorus ore mineral (apatite). 

PCB waste is defined as those PCBs and PCB Items that are subject to the disposal requirements of subpart D [of Part 761]. 40 C.F.R. 761.3. Therefore, PCBs that are not regulated for disposal, e.g., non-hquid bulk waste or debris from the demolition of buildings containing PCB concentrations less than 50 ppm, are not subject to the notification and manifesting requirements. 

Clearly, the costs of incineration can vary depending on the calorific value of the liquid waste, its chlorine content, the haulage involved and whether it is in bulk or drums. Prices in the range UK 150-500 (US 250-850)/Te for bulk waste are likely. 

In this process, the bulk waste is exposed to superheated steam (about 300 F) and then soaked in the hot water for a minute or more. Then, after grinding and cooking for a period, it is again exposed to the superheated steam for several minutes. After cooling, the water is drained off and the solids are disposed of as a solid waste. Again a substantial volume reduction can be obtained although a minimal weight reduction. 

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