Grains nonspecific

ABL is frequently misdiagnosed due to a multitude of nonspecific and unrelated symptoms, as well as rarity of the disease. An initial diagnosis of celiac disease, a more common malab-sorptive disorder, is therefore frequently made. Celiac disease also presents as abdominal discomfort and diarrhea with frequent remissions and exacerbations. Its etiology is unknown, but there is a clear association with gliadin, a constituent of most grains, as well as an undefined immunological component. Symptoms of celiac disease often abate when the individual is placed on a gluten-free diet, whereas those associated with ABL do not, as this patient clearly demonstrated. 

Contaminated grains (corn, wheat, and milo) are the sources of mycotoxin exposure for horses. The most commonly involved mycotoxins are aflatoxins, T-2, and fumonisin Bj. Aflatoxins will cause nonspecific effects, such as a poor thriving condition, hemorrhages, and abortions. T-2 is a trichothecene mycotoxin that causes prolonged bleeding times and digestive tract inflammation in affected horses. 

Chemicals may sometimes induce the formation of grains ( positive chemography ) and some control sections should be treated with buffers only. Similarly, for nonradioisotopic detection it is necessary to establish that the tissue studied does not yield nonspecific signals (e.g., cellular peroxidase). Negative chemography (loss of grains due to chemicals in tissue) or inhibition of nonradioactive detection systems may also occur. 

As an essential constituent of several important molybdoenzymes. Mo has specific roles in the metabolism of N and S in crop plants. Further studies are needed to determine the detailed structures of these molybdoenzymes and the involvement of different valence states of Mo in their reaction mechanisms. Furthermore, Mo has a wide range of nonspecific effects involving the regulation of many enzymes other than molybdoenzymes, carbohydrate metabolism, reproductive physiology, anion balance, root exudation, plant water relations, and disease incidence in plants. In the future, attempts must be made to understand the precise roles of Mo in DNA stability, protein synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, plant stress, and disease resistance. Research is also needed on the effects of Mo nutrition on the quality of food grains and vegetable and fruit crops. 

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