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Gradient of potential

In order to circumvent this problem, it is a good idea to use a dual counter electrode with prongs on either side of the OTE, as shown in Figure 8.2. While the gradient of potential is not completely eradicated with such a dual CE it is nevertheless diminished to a significant extent. [Pg.246]

Let us consider a particle of mass m located at a point p and subjected to a force T given by the gradient of potential T) in p. Denoting X/, where / = 1, 2 and 3, the Cartesian coordinates in p, and denoting qj the corresponding Lagrangian coordinates, the two systems of spatial coordinates are related by ... [Pg.811]

If an equal opposite velocity to that of the particle be impressed on the whole system the particle will be at rest whilst the liquid at a great distance will have a uniform motion v. Let the gradient of potential driving the current also be uniform at a great distance and equal to G both v and G being parallel to x. [Pg.229]

An externally applied potential controls the Fermi level of the semiconductor with respect to the reference electrode in the solution. Changes of the potential affect the potential drop across the semiconduc-tor/electrolyte interface. In most situations of electrochemical reactions, the potential drop in the solution Helmholtz layer can be neglected, and thus a gradient of potential is generated in the space charge... [Pg.310]

When charges are separated, a potential difference develops across the interface. The electrical forces that operate between the metal and the solution constitute the electrical field across the electrode/electrolyte phase boundary. It will be seen that although the potential differences across the interface are not large ( 1 V), the dimensions of the interphase region are very small (—0.1) and thus the field strength (gradient of potential) is enormous—it is on the order of 10 V cm. The effect of this enormous field at the electrode/electrolyte interface is, in a sense, the essence of electrochemistry. [Pg.60]

Thus, the corresponding field or gradient of potential at a distance. v from the electrode according to the diffuse-charge model of Gouy and Chapman is given by the expression ... [Pg.160]

It should also be noted that the LiH molecule is one of the most difficult systems to apply the present method to, because the mass of LiH is very light at 0.875 amu and the gradient of potential difference is relatively large (V A —0.473 eV/ao) at the center of the wavepacket. All of these difficulties have been nicely overcome by employing fast quadratic chirping. This fact guarantees the usefulness of the present method. [Pg.108]

Diffusion migration of the hydrogen atoms depends on the gradient of potential V. Thus, the constant relations (2) do not influence the diffusion process. In this case AV=0 as V is a harmonic function. Taking into account (1) and (2), task (3) is mathematically formulated as follows ... [Pg.107]

Where there exists only one kind of gradient of potential and one kind of flow, the flow (i.e., flux in mass, heat, momentum/area/time), J, at any point in the system, at any time, is directly proportional to the gradients of potentials in one direction as given by ... [Pg.349]

The surface charge density is related to the gradient of potential by the Gauss theorem, namely... [Pg.109]

Equation 5.247) consequently, they give contributions to the normal and tangential stress boundary conditions. In case (2), the molecular interactions are incorporated only in the normal stress boundary conditions at the particle surfaces. When the body force can be expressed as a gradient of potential, f = V(/ (that is, Pj, = f/I), the two approaches are equivalent. ... [Pg.223]

If, however, the particle carries an electrical charge, q, and is in a gradient of potential dE/dx, then... [Pg.445]

As the NADH is oxidized, the electrons released are removed by specific carriers, and the protons are transported from cytoplasm to outside the cell. Removal of H+ causes an increase in the nmnber of OH ions inside the membrane. These conditions result in a proton gradient (pH gradient) across the membrane. This gradient of potential energy, termed as proton motive force, can be used to do useful work. This potential energy is captured by the cell by a series of complex membrane-bound enzymes, known as the ATPase in the process called oxidative phosphorylation. In 1961, the concept of proton gradient was first proposed as chemiosmotic theory by Peter Mitchell of England, who won the Nobel Prize for this scientific contribution. [Pg.139]

Next, the potential function is at its turn to be determined though the electric field - gradient of potential relationship (derived from the force-potential one) ... [Pg.286]

Potential vorticity Scalar field that combines temperature and motion into an often-conserved quantity. As the scalar product of the absolute vorticity vector with the gradient of potential temperature, it is unique as a conservative quantity involving both dynamic and thermodynamic quantities. [Pg.222]


See other pages where Gradient of potential is mentioned: [Pg.533]    [Pg.166]    [Pg.200]    [Pg.76]    [Pg.246]    [Pg.230]    [Pg.28]    [Pg.375]    [Pg.253]    [Pg.349]    [Pg.55]    [Pg.182]    [Pg.189]    [Pg.144]    [Pg.341]    [Pg.330]    [Pg.3140]    [Pg.144]    [Pg.55]    [Pg.70]    [Pg.423]    [Pg.68]    [Pg.98]    [Pg.390]    [Pg.253]    [Pg.218]    [Pg.355]    [Pg.253]    [Pg.231]    [Pg.245]    [Pg.205]   


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