Gonyaulax spinifera

Figure 1. Epi- and hypothecal tabulation patterns. A. Triadinium. B. Gessnerium, Pyrodinium. C. Protogonyaulax. D. Gonyaulax (spinifera).

Rhodes, L., McNabb, E, de Salas, M., Briggs, L., Beuzenberg, V, and Gladstone, M. 2006. Yessotoxin production by Gonyaulax spinifera. Harmful Algae 5, 148-155. 

Rhodes, L. et al., Yessotoxin production by Gonyaulax spinifera, Harmful Algae, 5, 148, 2006. Draisci, R. et al.. First report of pectenotoxin-2 (PTX-2) in algae (Dinophysis fortii) related to seafood poisoning in Europe, Toxicon, 34, 923, 1996. 

As for the YTXs profile in the producing organisms, the data on the relative amounts are not so numerous, and all refer to cultures of Pr. reticulatum. About the other two microalgae that were reported to produce YTXs, cultures of L. polyedrum were shown to contain YTX, while Gonyaulax spinifera cultures were reported to produce unspecified YTXs identified by ELISA analyses." ... 

Rhodes L. et al. Yessotoxin prodnction by Gonyaulax spinifera. Harmful Algae 5, 148, 2006. 

Protoceratium reticulatum Lingulodinium polyedrum Gonyaulax spinifera [118-120]... 

Protoceratium reticulatum Gonyaulax polyhedra Gonyolaux spinifera... 

The production of YTXs by this species in culture was demonstrated a few years later [42]. Very recently, and following detection of YTXs from an unknown source in New Zealand shellfish resources, cultured isolates of G. spinifera were identified as the probable source of the toxins [43]. It cannot be ruled out that the list of toxigenic Gonyaulax spp. will increase in the near future, as new species from different parts of the world are isolated and tested. 

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