Glycogenolysis hormone synthesis

Which one of the following is characteristic of low insulin levels A. Increased glycogen synthesis B. Decreased gluconeogenesis from lactate C. Decreased glycogenolysis D. Increased formation of 3-hydroxybutyrate E. Decreased action of hormone-sensitive lipase Correct answer = D. 3-hydroxybutyrate—a ketone body—synthesis is enhanced in the liver by taw insulin levels, which favor activation of hormone-sensitive lipase and release of fatty acids from adipose tissue. Glycogen synthesis is decreased, whereas gluconeogenesis is increased. 

Glycogenolysis and a negative nitrogen balance occur with the onset of fever. These are prompted by the typically decreased food intake and wasting of skeletal muscle that accompany fever. Although there is usually an increase in the blood volume with fever, the serum concentrations of creatinine and urate are usually increased. Aldosterone secretion is increased with retention of sodium and chloride. Secretion of antidiuretic hormone also contributes to the retention of water by the kidneys. Increased synthesis of protein... 

Glycogen synthesis and glycogenolysis are controlled by hormones in tandem, that is, those hormones resulting in phosphorylation of both glycogen synthase and phosphorylase will activate phosphorylase, inactivate glycogen... 

Hormones Uptake Utilization Synthesis Output Ketogenesis Gluconeogenesis Glycogenolysis Gly cogenesis Synthesis Synthesis Lipolysis... 

The first total chemical synthesis of epinephrine was accomplished by F. Stolz et al in 1904. In 1950, Earl Sutherland was the first to demonstrate that epinephrine (and glucagon) induces glycogenolysis. This marked the beginning of our understanding of the molecular mechanisms through which hormones act. 

Thyroid hormones regulate the turnover of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. They promote glucose absorption, hepatic and renal gluconeogenesis, hepatic glycogenolysis, and glucose utilization in muscle and adipose tissue (18). They increase de novo cholesterol synthesis but increase low-density lipoprotein degradation and cholesterol disposal even more, leading to a net decrease in total and in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol plasma levels (19). Thyroid hormones are anabolic when present at normal concentrations they then stimulate the expression of many key enzymes of metabolism. ... 

In general, the thyroid hormone increases glucose level by glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, stimulates lipolysis especially in hyperthyroidism. In normal conditions, the thyroid hormone has stimulatory effects on the synthesis of proteins but also leads to catabolic reactions in muscle under hypo- and hyperthyroid states [10]. 

Heart muscle contains a different PFK-2/FBPase-2 isoenzyme, whose phosphorylation activates rather than inhibits PFK-2. Thus any hormone that promotes increased cAMP synthesis also causes an increase in the level of heart muscle F2,6P, leading to an increase in the rates of both glycogenolysis and glycolysis, so that glycogenolysis is followed by glycolysis and not by glucose secretion. 

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