Glycine reduction

Stadtman TC. 1966. Glycine reduction to acetate and ammonia identification of ferredoxin and another low molecular weight acidic protein as components of the reductase system. Arch Biochem Biophys 113 9-19. 

Figure 1 Reactions involved in the glycine reduction pathway hy Clostridia. Pa, Pb, and Pc denote the components of the glycine reduction complex where Pb is specific for the substrate (e.g. glycine, betaine, sarcosine). The reduction of oxidized protein Pa occurs via a redox chain involving thioredoxin reductase (TR) and thioredoxin (TRX). The involvement of ketene as an intermediate has not yet been proven...

Glycine reduction through individually tailored benzoate and moderate protein restriction (1.5-2 g/kg/d) usually stops seizures, and improves neurologic and mental function. Severe hyperactivity has been reported to respond to amitryptiline in addition to benzoate treatment [20, 21]. 

The aluminum salts of dmgs are significant for two principal reasons reduction of dmg acidity in the stomach lining and reduction of undeskable flavor. Examples are the aluminum salts of glycine, acetylsahcyhc acid, ibuprofen, flurbiprofen, fenoprofen, flufenamic acid, oxaprozin, and a variety of aminobenzoic acid. Some of these compounds are Hsted in Table 2. 

Most pteridines are degraded to pyrazines and when they do yield pyrimidines, these may well be the ones from which they were made. However, some useful preparations of pyrimidines from pteridines are known. Thus, reduction of pteridin-7(8//)-one (732) and subsequent hydrolysis yields N-(4-aminopyrimidin-5-yl)glycine (733) (52JCS1620) and hydrolysis of 5,8-dimethylpteridine-6,7(5Ff,8Ff)-dione (734) gives dimethyl-... 

Palladium catalyst foe partial ee DUCTION OF ACETYLENES, 46, 89 Palladium on charcoal, catalyst for reductive methylation of ethyl p-mtrophenylacetate, 47, 69 in reduction of l butyl azidoacetate to glycine J-butyl ester 4B, 47 Palladium oxide as catalyst for reduction of sodium 2 nitrobenzene sulfinate, 47, S... 

Dynamic kinetic resolution of a-alkyl-P-keto ester was conducted successfully using biocatalysts. For example, baker s yeast gave selectively syn(2R, 3S)-product [29a] and the selectivity was enhanced by using selective inhibitor [29b] or heat treatment of the yeast [29c]. Organic solvent was used for stereochemical control of G. candidum [29d]. Plant cell cultures were used for reduction of 2-methyl-3-oxobu-tanoate and afforded antialcohol with Marchantia [29e,f] and syn-isomer with Glycine max [29f]. 

A number of peptide hormones have a carboxyl terminal amide which is derived from a glycine terminal residue. This glycine is hydroxylated on the a-carbon by a copper-containing enzyme, peptidylglycine hydroxylase, which, again, requires ascorbate for reduction of Cu ". ... 

Lesions in conjunction with concentration studies can also be useful. Section of dorsal roots and degeneration of afferent fibres produces a reduction in glutamate and substance P which can then be associated with sensory inputs. Temporary reduction of the blood supply to the cord causes preferential destruction of interneurons and a greater loss of asparate and glycine, compared with other amino acids and so links... 

Stickland LH (1935b) Studies in the metabolism of the strict anaerobes (genus Clostridium). III. The oxidation of alanine by Cl. sporogenes. IV. The reduction of glycine by Cl. sporogenes. Biochem J 29 898. 

Soybean nodulation. The results of this bioassay, shown in Table HI, are essentially the same as the dry matter production bioassay. Xanthlum root exudates reduced soybean nodule dry weight Glycine and Sesbanla root exudates reduced nodule, leaf and total dry weight. The percentage reduction is not quite as great as in the dry matter production bloassay. 

Aminoacetal has been prepared by the action of ammonia on haloacetals,8 4 6 6 7-8 9 by the reduction of nitroacetal using sodium in boiling alcohol,10 and by the reduction of glycine ester hydrochloride with sodium amalgam.11... 

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