Glycerol and 1,3-Propanediol

For large-scale biological production of 1,3-PD, it is desirable to use cheaper and more abundant substrates such as starch or glucose. However, no natural microorganisms have been so far found to be able to directly convert glucose into 1,3-PD. 

3- PD production appears to be unfavorable. Genetic modification of microorganisms is needed to suppress the repression of 1,3-PD formation(Biebl et al., 1999 Cameron et al., 1998). In a patent application, Haynie and Wagner (1997) described the conversion of glucose to 1,3-PD in mixed or linked fermentation by yeast and K. pneumoniae, C. freundii, or recombinant E. coli. Moderate yields and a maximum 

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Sun YQ, Qi WT, Teng H, Xiu ZL, Zeng AR (2008). Mathematical modeling of glycerol fermentation by Klebsiella pneumoniae concerning enzyme-catalytic reductive pathway and transport of glycerol and 1,3-propanediol across cell membrane. Biochem Eng J, 38, 22-32. 

Qatibi Al, V Niviere, JL Garcia (1991) Desulfovibrio alcoholovorans sp. nov., a sulfate-reducing bacterium able to grow on glycerol, 1,2- and 1,3-propanediol. Arch Microbiol 155 143-148. 

A possible method for producing glycerol derivatives can be the reactive distillation in the presence of various oxide and mixed oxide catalysts, such as copper-chromite [3], In this reaction acetol, 1,2- and 1,3-propanediols may be obtained. 

Propanediol and 1,3-Propanediol. 1,2-propanediol and 1,3-propanediol can be obtained as hydrogenation products of glycerol. The first example of gold catalysts being able conduct aerobic oxidations of... 

Biebl, H., Zeng, A.P., Menzel, K. and Deckwer, W.D. 1998. Fermentation of Glycerol to 1,3-Propanediol and 2,3-Butanediol by Klebsiella Pneumoniae. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 50,... 

In contrast, selective hydrogenolysis of glycerol to 1,3-propanediol by means of chemo catalysis is still a challenging task. Although several attempts do exist with, for example, Pt/W03/Zr02 or Ir-ReOx/Si02 catalysts [48, 49], the enzyme-catalyzed route using bacterial strains is more efficient [42] and has been commercialized (see Table 2.2.1). 

Glycerolipids are lipids that contain glycerol in which the three hydroxyl groups are substituted in some way. In terms of quantity, these are by far the most abundant lipids in mammals. Somewhat similar in structure, but occurring at concentrations of less than 1% of the glycerolipids, are lipids that contain diols, i.e., ethylene glycol (ethane diol) and 1,2- and 1,3-propanediol. Because of their rarity, lipids based on diols are not discussed further here. 

Hydrogenolysis of glycerol to 1,2- and 1,3-propanediols (PrD) seems to be simple judging from the reaction formula as below (1, 2) because the hydrogenolysis of C-O bonds apparently means the dissociation of C-O bonds and insertion of hydrogen atoms. 

Barbirato F, Himmi HE, Conte T, Bories A (1998) PDO production by fermentation an interesting way to valorize glycerin from the ester and ethanol industries. Ind Crops Prod 7 281-289 Biebl H, Marten S (1995) Fermentation of glycerol to 1,3-propanediol use of cosubstrates. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 44 15-19... 

Biebl H, Zeng AP, Menzel K, Deckwer WD. (1998). Fermentation of glycerol to 1,3-propanediol and 2,3-butanediol by Klebsiella pneumoniae. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 50, 24-29. 

Ashok S, Raj SM, Rathnasingh C, Park S. (2011). Development of recombinant Klebsiella pneumoniae Delta dhaT strain for the co-production of 3-hydroxypropionic acid and 1,3-propanediol from glycerol. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 90, 1253-1265. 

Huang YN, Li ZM, Shimizu K, Ye Q. (2012). Simultaneous production of 3-hydroxypropionic acid and 1,3-propanediol from glycerol by a recombinant strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Bioresource Technol, 103, 351-359. 

Moon C, Lee CH, Sang BI, Um Y. (2011). Optimization of medium compositions favoring butanol and 1,3-propanediol production from glycerol by Clostridium pasteurianum. Bioresource Technol, 102,10561-10568. 

Papanikolaou S, Aggelis G. (2003). Modelling aspects of the biotechnological valorization of raw glycerol production of citric acid Yarwwia lipolytica and 1,3-propanediol by Clostridium butyricum. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol, 78, 542-547. 

Selembo PA, Perez JM, Lloyd WA, Logan BE. (2009). Enhanced hydrogen and 1,3-propanediol production from glycerol by fermentation using mixed cultures. Biotechnol Bioeng, 104, 1098-1106. 

Xiu ZL, Song BH, Wang ZT, Sun LH, Feng EM, Zeng AP. (2004). Optimization of biodissimilation of glycerol to 1,3-propanediol by Klebsiella pneumoniae in one- and two-stage continuous anaerobic cultures. Biochem Eng J, 19, 189-197. 

Zhuge B, Zhang C, Fang HY, Zhuge J, Permaul K. (2010). Expression of 1,3-propanediol oxidoreductase and its isoenzyme in Klebsiella pneumoniae for bioconversion of glycerol into 1,3-propanediol. A/ipZMicrciWci/ Biotechnol, 87, 2177-2184. 

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