Glutaric acid, 290 Table

A number of examples of enantioselective hydrolysis of diesters (I and 2) of malonic and glutaric acids are given in Table I. 

Oxidation of diethyl 2-aUyl-2-hydroxypentanedioate by RnCyaq. Na(IO )/ CHjCN-EtOAc gave triethyl homocitrate and the corresponding lactone [209]. Oxidation of cyclopentene to glutaric acid by RnCyaq. Na(C10)/CCl or CH Cl showed that addition of CHjCN and also NaOH greatly improved yields [210]. Perfluoro alkenes were cleaved by Ru02/IO(OH)j, Na(ClO) or CH COOOH/water-Freon 113 to carboxylic acids CO was also formed or, in the case of perfluoropro-pene, pefluoroacetic acid and COF (Table 3.6) [211]. 

Table 3.1.4 Preparation of stock and working solutions for gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) selected ion monitoring (SIM) analysis. 2MBG 2-methylbutyrylglycine, BG butyrylglycine, DCA dicarboxylic acid, EMA ethylmalonic acid, GLUT glutaric acid, HG hexanoylglycine,...

When a reference standard is available and is calibrated against an internal standard in the TIC mode, six-point calibration curves of either individual or closely related analytes (for example, the isomers ethylmalonic acid, 2-methyIsuccinic, and glutaric acid) are run according to the standard/internal standard amount ratio shown in Table 3.1.5. Variations of this basic scheme may be indicated depending on the intensity of target ions ([M-15]+ species), the level of excretion in normal and disease states, and the linearity limit. 

Table II. Solvent Resistance of

The insensitivity of wettability to changes in the dicarboxylic acid portion of the molecule is revealed by comparison of the data in Table III for the sustituted succinic acid (column five) and the substituted glutaric acid (column six). 

Table 7.1 Comparison of the physical data of the three stereoisomers of 167 with those reported for the three stereoisomers of auxin-glutaric acid...

Table VI. The Ionization Constants op Substituted Glutaric Acids...

Table 8.3. AR INHIBITORY ACTIVITY OF GLUTARIC ACID DERIVATIVES...

Table II shows solvent effects in the asymmetric synthesis of alanine from pyruvic acid and (S)-a-methylbenzylamine( ). The optical purity of alanine decreases with increasing polarity of the solvent. In the case of the asymmetric synthesis of glutamic acid from a-keto glutaric acid and (S)-a-methylbenzylcimine, the configuration of the resulting glutamic acid was actually inverted by the use of polar solvents. The substrate appears to interact with the catalyst more strongly in a less polar than in a more polar solvent. Thus, the population of the chelated substrate is...

Table 18.1 Known causes of glutaric acid elevations in plasma or urine...

The large excess of methanol was taken in this study due to the low solubility of glutaric acid in methanol. The kinetic data which had been determined experimentally for the esterification were correlated with quasi-homogeneous (QH) model (Schmitt Hasse, 2006). Comparing with the experimental values, the QH model represents well the conversions of glutaric acid and the mole fractions of each constituent component varying with the contact time. The values of the rate constants were determined by fitting the kinetic data to the reaction rate expressions simultaneously. The temperature dependent fei, k2, fe, ki were listed in Table 3,... 

Because common names are frequently used with simple dicarboxylic acids, a few examples are noted. The first nine dicarboxylic acids have common names that must also be learned. Table 16.1 shows several common dicarboxylic acids, along with their common names and their lUPAC names. Oxalic acid (45) is the common name for the dicarboxylic acid with two carboxyl groups directly attached to each other, and malonic acid (46) has one -CHg- (methylene) unit separating the carboxyl units. As the number of methylene spacers increases, we see succinic acid (47), glutaric acid (48), etc. (all common names). The lUPAC names for these compounds are based on the total number of carbon atoms and the use of di to indicate the presence of two functional groups. 

Raymond and Pandis in two separate smdies experimentally determined the CCN activities of various single-component organic particles [169] and internally mixed, multicomponent particles [168] such as glutaric acid, adipic acid, pinonic acid, glutamic acid, leucine, cholesterol, pinic acid, norpinic acid, hexadecane, hexadecanol, myristic acid, palmitic acid, and stearic acid with sodium chloride and ammonium sulfate in the latter smdy. Their results are sununarized in Table 8 and Fig. 5. 

Intramolecular hydrolysis is substantially faster than the intermolecular reaction (Table 2.6). The effective molarity sharply increases when the reactive carboxylate anion is in close proximity to the ester carbonyl group and, by its presence, retards the mobility of the carbonyl group. Thus, the effective molarity increases (Table 2.6) as the C—C bond mobility decreases. Two bonds can rotate in a glutaric acid ester, whereas only one can... 

The Michael reaction of nitriles with unsaturated carbonyl compounds was examined using the SA-NEtj catalyst As shown in Table 1.6, the SA-NEtj showed the highest catalytic activity for the Michael reaction of ethyl 2-cyanopropionate with ethyl acrylate to afibrd 2-cyano-2-methyl glutaric acid diethyl ester in 94% yield (entry 1). SiOj-NEtj was much less active under the reaction conditions (entry 2). Neither triethylamine nor sihca-alumina promoted the desired addition reaction (entries 3 and 4). Notably, the reaction scarcely proceeded with the... 

Order of thermal stabiUty as determined by differential thermal analysis is sebacic (330°C) > a2elaic = pimelic (320°C) > suberic = adipic = glutaric (290°C) > succinic (255°C) > oxahc (200°C) > malonic (185°C) (19). This order is somewhat different than that in Table 2, and is the result of differences in test conditions. The energy of activation for decarboxylation has been estimated to be 251 kj/mol (60 kcal/mol) for higher members of the series and 126 kJ/mol (30 kcal/mol) for malonic acid (1). 

Extension by three carbon atoms is possible with methyl glutarate [183], by the isoprene unit with ethyl 3-methyl adipate [184], by four carbon atoms with methyl adipate [143], by five carbon atoms with methyl pimelate [185] and by six carbon atoms with methyl suberate [186]. A series of branched -fluorocarboxylic acids were prepared by cross-coupling with oo-fluorocarboxylic acids [187]. For further examples see Tables 6, 7. 

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