Glutamic Glutamine

Volume 113. Glutamate, Glutamine, Glutathione, and Related Compounds Edited by Alton Meister... 

Glutamate, glutamine Coimmobilized glutamate oxidase + glutaminase, Luminol-H202 CL 0.1 (J.M glutamate, 1 (J.M glutamine 44... 

Figure 5 Five-channel enzyme sensor for the simultaneous determination of glucose, lactate, glutamate, glutamine, and ammonium. MFM, microfiltration module WV, valves P, pumps DC, dialysis cell B, blank reactors MC, reactor D, biosensor flow cell. (Adapted with permission from Ref. 34.)...

GLUTAMATE/GLUTAMINE METABOLISM IS LINKED TO ENERGY METABOLISM 547... 

Glutamate and glutamine metabolism is compartmentalized in brain 548 A specialized glutamate-glutamine cycle operates in GABAergic neurons and surrounding astrocytes 549 Several shuttles act to transfer nitrogen in brain 549... 

A specialized glutamate-glutamine cycle operates in GABAergic neurons and surrounding astrocytes. The... 

Berl, S., Nicklas, W. J. and Clarke, D. D. Compartmentation of citric acid cycle metabolism in brain labelling of glutamate, glutamine, aspartate and gaba by several radioactive tracer metabolites. J. Neurochem. 17 1009-1015, 1970. 

L-Glutamate, glutamine synthetase intermediate, 28 356, 361, 365 Glutamine synthetase, 28 349-366 active site, 28 350... 

In muscle, the concentrations of alanine, aspartate, glutamate, glutamine, leucine, serine and valine are high that of glutamine is the highest (c. 20mmol/L). The lowest are those of methionine, tryptophan and tyrosine. 

The non-essential amino acids are alanine, arginine, aspartate, asparagine, cysteine, glutamate, glutamine, glycine, proline, serine and tyrosine. A summary of the reactions involved in their synthesis is given in Figure 8.3 and full details of these pathways are provided in Appendix 8.2. 

Figure 8.22 The glutamate/glutamine shuttle for provision of the glutamate neurotransmitter in the brain. This illustrates another role for glial cells in the brain.

X Nonstandard or unknown amino acid or amino acyl Z Glutamate + glutamine or glutamyl -t glutaminyl... 

Castillo and colleagues (2000) conducted an MRS study with 10 bipolar and 10 normal control preadolescents 6 to 12 years of age. When compared to controls, bipolar children had increased glutamate/ glutamine ratios in the frontal lobe and basal ganglia regions and increased lipid levels in the frontal lobes. 

BD, bipolar disorder GLU/GLN, glutamate/glutamine MRI, magnetic resonance imaging MRS, magnetic resonance spectros copy NC, normal control PFC, prefrontal cortex SCHZ, schizophrenia. 

The carbon skeletons of five amino acids (proline, glutamate, glutamine, arginine, and histidine) enter the citric acid cycle as a-ketoglutarate (Fig. 18-26). Proline, glutamate, and glutamine have five-carbon skeletons. The cyclic structure of proline is opened by oxidation... 

FIGURE 18-26 Catabolic pathways for arginine, histidine, glutamate, glutamine, and proline. These amino acids are converted to a-ketoglutarate. The numbered steps in the histidine pathway are catalyzed by histidine ammonia lyase, urocanate hydratase, imida-zolonepropionase, and glutamate formimino transferase. 

Arginine, glutamate, glutamine, histidine, and proline produce a-ketoglutarate isoleucine, methionine, threonine, and valine produce succinyl-CoA four carbon atoms of... 

Alanine Arginine Asparagine Aspartate Cysteine Glutamate Glutamine Glycine Histidine Proline Serine Tyrosine ... 

Figure 24-9 Biosynthesis of glutamate, glutamine, proline, and lysine from 2-oxoglutarate.

Results of such experiments with enzymes from the sheep brain, pea seed, and E. coli (87) show that, without exception, the relative rates of exchange are (glutamate < glutamine) > (NH3 = glutamine) > (P( ATP) a (ADP ATP). If the substrate interconversion were the rate-limiting step... 

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