Glutamic acid/glutamine

C14-0083. Although the ATP-ADP reaction is the principal energy shuttle in metabolic pathways, many other examples of coupled reactions exist. For example, the glutamic acid-glutamine reaction discussed in the text can couple with the acetyl phosphate reaction shown in Example 14-10. Write the balanced equation for the coupled reaction operating in the direction of overall spontaneity and calculate A G ° for the overall process. 

Another interesting possibility presents itself in this connection. We have assumed all along, tentatively at least, that all individuals within the same species have qualitatively the same nutritional needs. This, in effect, may not be true, as we have hinted in connection with our discussion of amino acid needs. It is within the realm of possibility and even probability that certain amino acids, e g., glutamic acid, glutamine, or arginine, may be "essential amino acids" for certain individuals in the sense that they are essential for health... 

C. Monoaminodicarboxylic acids and their amides Aspartic acid Asparagine Glutamic acid Glutamine... 

IV. Nonenzymic Formation of Pyrrolidone Carboxylic Acid from Glutamic Acid, Glutamine, and Other Compounds... 

V8. Vrba, R., On the participation of the glutamic acid-glutamine system in the metabolic processes in rat brain during physical exercise. J. Neurochetn. 1, 12 (1956). 

Isoleucine, phenylalanine, t5nrosine, tryptophan Alanine, serine, glycine, cysteine, aspartic add, asparagine, glutamic acid, glutamine, arginine, histidine, valine, threonine, methionine, praline... 

Although the precision of analysis with our present technology is often 1 to 3 %, the quantitative release of many amino acids and amino acid derivatives from proteins is often difficult and lowers the overall precision. For example, if constant-boiling HCl (about 5.7 N) is used to hydrolyze a protein in vacuo at 110°C for 24 hr (these conditions are those most commonly used), the amounts of aspartic acid, asparagine, serine, threonine, glutamic acid, glutamine, valine, isoleucine, methionine, tyrosine, tryptophan, cysteine and cystine present in the... 

Glutamic acid Glutamine Glycine Histidine Isoleucine... 

Alaninek arginine, Asparagine, citrulline. Cysteine, cystine. Glutamic acid. Glutamine, histidine. Lysine, methionine. Ornithine,... 

In nonlegumes, Mo deficiency hampers NOj" reduction and decreases the amounts of most amino acids. Addition of Mo to deficient plants has been found to increase the contents of glutamic acid, glutamine, a-alanine, serine, and aspartic acid in spinach Spinacea oleracea L.), cauliflower, tomato Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) (Mulder et al., 1959), and maize (Berducou and Mache, 1963). However, decreases in the contents of some amino acids and amides during later stages of growth of Mo-fertilized crops can result from their incorporation into proteins or from subsequent metabolic reactions such as transamination reactions or conversion to amides (Possingham, 1957). 

Different amino acids favor the formation of alpha helices, beta pleated sheets, or loops. The primary sequences and secondary structures are known for over 1,000 different proteins. Correlation of these sequences and structures revealed that some amino acids are found more often in alpha helices, beta sheets, or neither. Helix formers include alanine, cysteine, leucine, methionine, glutamic acid, glutamine, histidine, and lysine. Beta formers include valine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, and threonine. Serine, glycine, aspartic acid, asparagine, and proline are found most often in turns. 

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