Spinach Spinacea oleracea

Nisha, R, Singhal, R.S., and Pandit, A.B., A study on the degradation kinetics of visual green colour in spinach (Spinacea oleracea L.) and the effect on salt therein, J. Food Eng., 64, 135, 2004. 

Various plants sprayed with 0.25 kg fenvalerate/ha all had measurable residues 7 days after application, and nondetectable residues 15 to 30 days after treatment (Jain etal. 1979). Washing plants in cold water to remove the pesticide was effective only on the initial day of application, removing 30 to 50%. Afterward, only 3 to 13% could be removed by washing. Cooking removed 71 to 88% of the fenvalerate residues on the initial day of treatment but in later samplings, removal was 68 to 70% in spinach (Spinacea oleracea) and tomatoes, and 38 to 40% in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) and cauliflower (Brassica oleracea botrytis) (Jain et al. 1979). 

Spinach, Spinacea oleracea, initial residue of 9.5 mg/kg FW Initial residue degraded to 2.8 mg/kg in 15 days, and ND in 30 days 4... 

Douglas, P., Morrice, N., and MacKintosh, C., 1995, Identification of a regulatory phosphorylation site in the hinge 1 region of nitrate reductase from spinach (Spinacea oleracea) leaves, FEES Lett. 177 11311117. 

Table 2. Effect of PBR on Spinach (Spinacea oleracea cv. New Zealand)...

Strawberry [Fragaria ananassa) Spinach Spinacea oleracea)... 

In nonlegumes, Mo deficiency hampers NOj" reduction and decreases the amounts of most amino acids. Addition of Mo to deficient plants has been found to increase the contents of glutamic acid, glutamine, a-alanine, serine, and aspartic acid in spinach Spinacea oleracea L.), cauliflower, tomato Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) (Mulder et al., 1959), and maize (Berducou and Mache, 1963). However, decreases in the contents of some amino acids and amides during later stages of growth of Mo-fertilized crops can result from their incorporation into proteins or from subsequent metabolic reactions such as transamination reactions or conversion to amides (Possingham, 1957). 

Measurements of oxygen evolution from normally functioning photosystem II (PSII) complexes have determined that PSII complexes turn over every few ms under steady-state illlumination conditions. Evidence has arisen, however, that an inactive fraction of photosystem II exists which does not donate electrons into the intersystem plastoquinone pool (1,2,3,4). Both in intact leaves (5) and thylakoid membranes (6) of spinach (spinacea oleracea), it has recently been demonstrated that approximately one-third of photosystem II (PSII) reaction centers turn over at rates KKX) fold slower than active PSII complexes. Inactive PSII centers display a half time recovery of approximately 2 s at room temperature and require 100s to recovery fully. The slow turnover rate appears to be the consequence of an impaired oxidation of the primary quinone acceptor, (5,6). 

PS2 particles were prepared by the method of Ford and Evans [8] from either spinach (Spinacea oleracea) or pea (Pisum sativum var Feltham First). The particles were resuspended and stored at 77 K in 20 mM Mes-NaOH, 5 mM MgCla, 15 mM NaCl and 20% (v/v) glycerol (buffer A) pH 6.3. 

Tanaka et al. (1966) detected choline kinase activity in leaves of barley (A. saliva L.), wheat (Triticum vulgare), tobacco (Nicotiana tabaccum L.), spinach Spinacea oleracea L.), and squash Cucurbita pepo L.). The characteristics of the enzyme were very similar to those described for rapeseed. A nonspecific phosphatase which hydrolyzed phosphorylcholine was also described. These authors pointed out that these two enzyme activities were far from sufficient to account for the rapid equilibration of POi with the large reserves of phosphorylcholine found in plants. There is still no satisfactory answer to this problem. 

Fig. 2.17. Bottom left. Chloroplasts (P) in chlorenchyma of pea leaf. Note the large starch grains within the chloroplast (asterisks). IS, intercellular space V, vacuole. X 780. Right. Electron micrograph of a chloroplast of a leaf of spinach Spinacea oleracea). The chloroplast is surrounded by a double membrane (PM) and the internal membrane system is differentiated into grana (asterisks) and stroma lamellae (open arrows). Osmiophilic droplets (small black arrows) occur in the plastid stroma. The structure of the grana is shown in more detail in the inset top left) as are regions of continuity between the grana and stroma lamellae (large solid arrows). Key CM, cell membrane CW, cell wall SG, starch grain ...

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