Glutamate regulation

Nishi A, Watanabe Y, Higashi H, Tanaka M, Naim AC, Greengard P (2005) Glutamate regulation of DARPP-32 phosphorylation in neostriatal neurons involves activation of multiple signaling cascades. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102 1199-204 Notomi T, Shigemoto R (2004) Immunohistochemical localization of Ih channel subunits, HCN1-4, in the rat brain. J Comp Neurol 471 241-76... 

Based on the general hypothesis—the interconversions of proline, ornithine and glutamate regulate the NADF " - NADPH redox state — one can reexamine the diverse regulatory mechanisms regulating this enzyme system relative to a metabolic endpoint other than the exchange... 

Collard, C.D., Park, K.A., Montalto, M.C., et al., 2002. Neutrophil-derived glutamate regulates vascular endothelial barrier function. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 14801-14811. 

Microorganisms requite several minerals such as ferrous and potassium ions which play important roles in glutamic acid fermentation. Other important culture conditions include regulating aeration stirring. The biosynthesis of L-glutamic acid is performed under regulated aerobic conditions. 

Certain amino acids and their derivatives, although not found in proteins, nonetheless are biochemically important. A few of the more notable examples are shown in Figure 4.5. y-Aminobutyric acid, or GABA, is produced by the decarboxylation of glutamic acid and is a potent neurotransmitter. Histamine, which is synthesized by decarboxylation of histidine, and serotonin, which is derived from tryptophan, similarly function as neurotransmitters and regulators. /3-Alanine is found in nature in the peptides carnosine and anserine and is a component of pantothenic acid (a vitamin), which is a part of coenzyme A. Epinephrine (also known as adrenaline), derived from tyrosine, is an important hormone. Penicillamine is a constituent of the penicillin antibiotics. Ornithine, betaine, homocysteine, and homoserine are important metabolic intermediates. Citrulline is the immediate precursor of arginine. 

In bone, three proteins have been described which are vitamin K-dependent, osteocalcin (bone Gla protein), matrix Gla protein (MGP), and protein S. Osteocalcin is synthetized by osteoclasts, regulated by the active form of vitamin D, calcitriol. Its capacity to bind calcium needs a vitamin K-dependent y-carboxylation of three glutamic acid residues. The calcium binding capacity of osteocalcin indicates a possible role in bone mineralization, but its exact function is still unclear. However, it is widely used as a serum marker for bone mineralization. Protein S, mainly a coagulant, is also vitamin-K dependent and synthesized in the liver. Children with... 

Chemokines as Neuromodulators Regulation of Glutamatergic Transmission by CXCR4-Mediated Glutamate Release From Astrocytes... 

Regulated Exocytosis of Glutamate from Astrocytes can Modulate Synaptic Transmission... 

Pasti L, Zonta M, Pozzan T, Vicini S, Carmignoto G (2001) Cytosolic calcium oscillations in astrocytes may regulate exocytotic release of glutamate. J Neurosci 21 477 84 Fenner R, Neher E (1988) The role of calcium in stimulus-secretion coupling in excitable and non-excitable cells. J Exp Biol 139 329-345... 

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