Glucose molecular mechanism

Cazarolli LH, Zanatta L, Alberton EH, Figueredo MS, Folador P, Damazio RG, Pizzolatti MG and Silva FR. 2008. Flavonoids cellular and molecular mechanisms of action in glucose homeostasis. Mini Rev Med Chem 8(10) 1032-1038. 

In recent years, tremendous progress has been achieved in the elucidation of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of insulin action. Tire acute cellular action of insulin is initiated by rapid clustering of occupied receptors on the cell surface. Within three minutes, a redistribution of glucose transporters from the cytoplasm to the plasma membrane can be measured lipolysis is also increased. 

Figure 3.24 Molecular mechanism of glucose oxidation with gold nanoparticles (Au/C) [175].

Sending the signal molecular mechanisms regulating glucose uptake. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2 004 3 6 1212-1217. 

Additional tests with ammonium compounds were performed to address the effect of ammonium ion (see Fig. 8). It is clear that the catalyst inhibition was not based only on the presence of ammonium ion. Ammonium carbonate showed the largest inhibition of the glucose hydrogenation reaction, while chloride and hydroxide had lesser effects. Ammonium nitrate caused no apparent inhibition on glucose conversion. A similar lack of effect was shown with potassium nitrate. In the case of ammonium nitrate, the glucose conversion mechanism was affected, so that the sorbitol yield was reduced by about 20%, but numerous byproducts and overreaction products (lower molecular weight polyols) were evident. 

The primary, secondary, and presumably tertiary, and higher, structure of the family of facilitative glucose transporters are similar. It is beginning to be understood which domains of these transporters are important for substrate and inhibitor binding and for subcellular localization. Future work will undoubtably uncover the molecular mechanism by which the facilitative transporters catalyze the translocation of sugars across the membrane. 

The cartoon of Figure 7.1 is modeled by the molecular mechanism illustrated in the left panel of Figure 7.2. One glucose molecule is transported from the outside to the inside of the cell every time one GLUT undergoes a forward catalytic cycle through the states 1—s 2— 3—>-4— . The overall reaction is... 

Kroon-Batenburg LMJ, Kanter JA (1983) Influence of hydrogen bonds on molecular conformation. Molecular mechanics calculations on a -D-glucose. Acta Cryst B39 749-754... 

Two additional points need to be emphasized. The A G of a reaction depends only on the free energy of the products (the final state) minus the free energy of the reactants (the initial state). The AG of a reaction is independent of the path (or molecular mechanism) of the transformation. The mechanism of a reaction has no effect on A G. For example, the A G for the oxidation of glucose to CO2 and H2O is the same whether it occurs by combustion in vitro or by a series of... 

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