Glucose in the urine

Glycosuria The presence of abnormal amounts of glucose in the urine. 

Diabetic Rats-Phase I. Laboratory rats (CD strain, 250-300g, male) were made diabetic by a single injection of streptozotocin (STZ), 50 mg/kg, into the tail vein. Nondiabetic controls received an equal volume of citrate buffer. Twenty-four hours after the STZ injection, each rat was individually housed for urine collection. The appearance of glucose in the urine (Ames test strips) and a predictable weight loss or depression of the growth curve were taken as confirming evidence of diabetes. 

Renal Effects. In a case of chronic phenol poisoning, dark urine and glucose in the urine were noted in a man following intermittent exposure to vapors and solutions of phenol (Merliss 1972). The urine tested negative for protein and urobilinogen. The urine cleared 2-3 months after removal from exposure. Although the exposure concentrations were not reported, the study author stated that heavy odors were often detectable, and that phenol was often spilled on the patient s clothes resulting in skin irritation. Since phenol is absorbed readily from the skin, dermal absorption may have contributed to the systemic effects that were observed. 

Drug/Lab test interactions A false-positive reaction for glucose in the urine may occur. This has been observed with Benedict and Fehling solutions but not with the glucose enzymatic test. 

A second form of diabetes is also recognized diabetes insipidus, which is caused by a deficiency of the pituitary hormone, vasopressin. Vasopressin promotes water reabsorption from the kidney, hence a deficiency also induces S5anptoms of excessive urination and thirst. A key diagnostic difference between the common diabetes meUitus and the rare diabetes insipidus, is the absence of glucose in the urine in the latter case. Until a few decades ago, a popular way to differentiate between the two diseases was to taste the patient s urine to see if it was sweet. 

A patient s urine was tested with Clinistix, and the color was read 60 sec. after wetting the strip. It showed 1.0% glucose in the urine. Is the patient diabetic Explain. 

This and similar methods have been used to identify a number of oligosaccharides from natural sources [2,334]. One example of some clinical interest is the structural analysis of a-D-mannopyranoside-(l 3)-/3-D-mannopyranoside-(l ->4)-a-acetamido-a-deoxy-D-glucose in the urine from patients with a lysosomal storage disease, mannosidosis [335]. 

Since the kidneys are the main depot for cadmium, they are of greatest concern for cadmium toxicity. Cadmium interferes with the proximal tubule s reabsorption function. This leads to abnormal actions of uric acid, calcium, and phosphorus. Amino aciduria (amino acids in the urine) and glucosuria (glucose in the urine) result in later stages, proteinuria (protein in the urine) results. When this happens, it is assumed that there is a marked decrease in glomerular filtration. Long-term exposure to cadmium leads to anemia, which may result from cadmium interfering with iron absorption. 

Gentamycin damages the proximal tubular cells in the kidneys and also the hair cells in the cochlear apparatus in the ear. Kidney damage may be detected by histopathology and by biochemical abnormalities such as raised serum urea and creatinine levels and the presence of enzymes such as y-glutamyl transferase, amino acids, protein and glucose in the urine. 

Diabetes mellitus is a disease characterized by the appearance of glucose in the urine as a result of high blood glucose levels. The disease is usually caused by the inability to produce the hormone insulin. 

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