Global diffusion

Beise, M. (2004). Lead markets country-specific drivers of the global diffusion of innovations. Research Policy, 33, 997-1018. 

Figure 9 shows the spectra obtained from the application of the action spectrum for the global, diffuse and direct irradiances for the same case. It can be seen the change in the spectra and the increase of the importance of diffuse irradiance relative to global. In this context, it can be expected that UV diffuse radiation have an important role in the erithema formation. This result supports the idea that shadow is not enough to avoid a sunburn and that additional protection measures must be taken in order to avoid also the exposition to diffuse radiation (sunscreens, clothes, etc). 

Figure 9. Global, diffuse and direct spectra for effective erithema irradiance computed for the case of figure 4.

Jdrgens, H. and Tews, K. 2005. The global diffusion of regulatory instruments The making of a new international environmental regime. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 598(l) 146-67. 

Colman A. S. and Holland (1994) Benthic phosphorus regeneration the global diffusive flux of phosphorus from marine sediments into the oceans. EOS, Trans., AGU 75, 96. 

We are beginning to understand the real dynamics of global diffusion in the phase space of many-dimensional Hamiltonian systems. From here we are going to travel around the vast world created by the chaotic dynamics of nonlinear systems. 

We introduce a simple model to investigate and calculate a diffusion coefficient as a basic quantity describing transport in Section II, and then we visualize resonances to detect the structure of the Arnold web and overlapped resonances in Section III. With the aid of this representation, to clarify the relevance of Arnold diffusion and diffusion induced by resonance overlap to global transport in the phase space, we compute transition diagrams in the frequency space in Section IV. In Section V, we extend the resonance overlap criterion to multidimensional systems to identify the pathway for fast transport, and in Section VI we revisit the diffusion coefficient to ensure fast transport affecting the global diffusion. A brief summary is given in Section VII. 

The resonance overlap itself occurs in two-dimensional maps such as the standard map. Then, what is the distinctive characteristic in multidimensional systems To clarify this point, we extend the resonance overlap criterion [5] to the Froeschle map we investigate here, and we relate that to the transition diagrams represented in the previous section. In the study of the resonance overlap criterion, it became clear that global diffusion is achieved by overlapping of lower-order resonance layers. Thus, we calculate the width of resonance layers in the increasing order. 

Maximal width of these lower-order resonance layers noted here are shown in Figs. 20 and 21, for b = 0.040 and b = 0.100, respectively. By virtue of the coupling resonances, every resonance layer obviously connects with each other. However, the orbit does not diffuse freely over the whole connected regions, as shown in the previous section. Thus, only overlapping of resonance layers cannot realize a global diffusion in practical time scales, in contrast to the case of two-dimensional mapping. 

So far, several estimates of diffusion coefficients have been proposed, as given by the stochastic pump or three-resonance model and their extensions [12,17,18]. These studies, however, assume only the diffusion along the resonances, while our results, in contrast, exhibit the importance of resonance overlap to the global diffusion along resonances. 

Figure 3.27. Schematic representation of the global diffuser model (upper panel) and tropical pipe model (lower panel). Gray arrows denote meridional transport by the transformed Eulerian mean circulation while the heavy solid arrows show quasi-horizontal mixing by large scale waves. The vertical lines in the lower panel represent dynamical barriers against meridional transport in the tropics. From Plumb and Ko (1992).

J.H.E. Cartwright, M. Feingold, and O. Piro. Global diffusion in a realistic three-dimensional time-dependent nonturbulent fluid flow. Phys. Rev. Lett., 75 3669-72, 1995. 

Interestingly, the Internet (a major computer network linking millions of machines around the world) is growing at a phenomenal rate. Between January 1993 and January 1994, the number of connected machines grew from 1,313,000 to 2,217,000. More than 70 countries have full Internet connectivity, and about 150 have at least some electronic mail services. As I write this, there are about 20 to 25 million users of the Internet (Goodman et al The Global Diffusion of the Internet, Communications of the ACM, 37[8][1994] 27). 

Perturbation Approach The heterogeneity effect is treated as a first-order perturbation using global diffusion theory fluxes produced by volume-weighted cross sections and perturbation cross sections defined as the difference between DTF-IV flux-wei ted and volume-wei ited cross sections. 

The general SRLS model requires a number of additional parameters to desaibe the global diffusion modes. Three rotational diffusion constants, R , Ry, and are used to characterize the reorientation of the SRLS cage. They are expressed on the... 

Dekimpe, Mamik G., Philip M. Parker, Miklos Sarvary, 1998c, Multi-Market and Global Diffusion, INSEAD working paper No. 98/73/MKT. 

Edquist, Charles, Staffan Jacobsson, 1988, Flexible Automation. The Global Diffusion of New Technology in the Engineering Industry, Oxford Basil Blackwell. 

Country-Specific Success Factors of the Global Diffusion of Innovations... 

Beise, Marian Lead Markets. Country-Specific Success Factors of the Global Diffusion of Innovations / Marian Beise. - Heidelberg New York Physica-Verl., 2001 (ZEW economic studies Vol. 14)... 

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