Global circulation model

Farley et al. (1995) recently applied a global circulation model (GCM) for the world ocean to the He flux problem, assuming a source function that injects juvenile He only along ridge axes at a rate proportional to the spreading rate. They iterated the Hamburg Large-Scale GCM (Meier-Reimer, Mikolajewicz Hasselmann, 1993) until steady-state 3He distribution was obtained and concluded that the reasonable... 

Anthropogenic contamination reaches the ocean bottom in the northern part of the North Atlantic because of the deep convection of the North Atlantic Deep Water. Further south in the basin the contamination reaches to depths of 2000 m. The depth at which the profiles reach half their surface maximum is between 600 and 1000 m. Note that this depth is not greatly different from the value of 800 m estimated in Fig. 11.6 for the depth of ocean equilibrium required to accommodate about half of the fossil fuel released to the atmosphere. It has been shown with global circulation models that a present-day flux of 2.2 Pg y into the ocean is required to accommodate the inventory of GO2 indicated in Fig. 11.7 (Table 11.3). 

The critical unknowns in this field have evolved in the past 20-30 y from what the anthropogenic carbon fluxes are, to understanding the mechanisms controlling the ocean s CO2 pumps and anthropogenic CO2 uptake. These tasks utilize both interdisciplinary experimental observations and global circulation models. If the models can be made to accurately reproduce experimentally determined fluxes and storage patterns, then it should be possible to accurately predict the response to future changes. 

These estimates are assessed from a hierarchy of models that encompass a simple climate model, several Earth Models of Intermediate Complexity (EMICs) and a large number of Atmosphere Ocean Global Circulation Models (AOGCMs). Excludes future rapid dynamic changes in ice flow. 

Wordsworth et al 2010 [367] made a three dimensional global circulation model (GCM) of the early martian climate. In their model CO2 condensation, cloud formation and a water cycle was included. Local water vapor feedbacks compensate reduced CO2 warming effects. In general CO2 clouds lead to a substantial warming. 

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